Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Of 1388 horses and ponies examined at two abattoirs in the north of England from November 1979 to September 1981, 123 (8.7 per cent) showed evidence of hydatid infection. Prevalence of infection was closely related to age, rising from nil in animals up to two years old to over 20 per cent of those over eight years. Full-mouthed horses and ponies had similar prevalence rates (14.9 and 14.5 per cent, respectively), but horses had nearly twice as many viable infections as ponies. The prevalence of infection varied with the region of origin of full-mouthed horses and ponies, with 18 per cent of those from mid and north west England infected, compared with approximately 12 per cent of horses and ponies from mid and south Wales, Yorkshire and Scotland. The highest rates of transmission of equine hydatidosis are believed to occur in south and east England. Infections were mainly hepatic, with only 11 per cent lung involvement. Sixty-six per cent of the infections were viable, 71 per cent of which had between one and 10 cysts. Multiocular cysts occurred in 26 per cent of infections.
Vet Rec 1982 May 29
PMID:Observations on the epidemiology of equine hydatidosis in Britain. 710 13

A total of 3722 sera was obtained from 188 flocks widely distributed throughout England and Wales; three sera were randomly selected from each flock and tested in the microscopic agglutination test for leptospiral antibodies. Infection with leptospires of the Hebdomadis serogroup was found to the widespread and it is probable that the infecting serovar is hardjo. The prevalence of hardjo titres in the random survey was 6.4 per cent and within-herd prevalences ranged up to 94.4 per cent. Titres to autumnalis antigen were found in 7.3 per cent of sera and evidence is presented that suggests a proportion of these titres are cross-reactions with agglutinins stimulated by infection with leptospires from other serogroups. Titres to bratislava antigen (Australis serogroup) were found in 3.4 per cent of sera. Within-herd prevalences of autumnalis and bratislava titres did not range above 16.7 per cent and 26.3 per cent respectively.
Vet Rec 1982 Jan 30
PMID:Serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in sheep from England and Wales. 718 97

Investigations on nine well managed English dairy farms showed that 85.2 per cent of 460 adult cows harboured patent nematode infections, although the worm burdens, as judged by faecal egg counts, were small. Infection took place primarily by the ingestion of grass previously contaminated either directly with bovine faeces or indirectly with slurry. Calves did not appear to contribute to the infectivity of land grazed by adults on these farms. The parasitic challenge to which cows were exposed was dependent upon the feeding regime, grassland management and the season of the year. Generally the intake of infective larvae ranged from 0 to 1500 per day but daily intakes of up to 4520 were recorded.
Vet Rec 1980 Dec 20
PMID:Factors influencing uptake of nematode larvae in adult dairy cattle during the grazing season and sources of pasture contamination. 725 14

The acidic carboxy-terminal 89-amino acid fragment of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli to high levels from an inducible plasmid construct. Infection of induced cells by wild-type T4 phage results in impaired phage DNA synthesis. The time at which DNA synthesis begins and the diminution in DNA synthesis rates correlate with the amount of carboxy-terminal peptide that accumulates intracellularly prior to infection. Correspondingly, when induced cells are infected with viable phage containing a small deletion near the carboxy-terminus of 32 protein (delta PR201), the inhibition of phage DNA synthesis was much more severe. The mutant 32 protein competes less well against overproduced wild-type acid peptide than does wild-type 32 protein. The purified acid peptide, when used as the attached ligand for affinity chromatography, binds several T4 proteins from phage-infected cells, including 43 protein (T4 DNA polymerase), Dda protein (a DNA helicase), and UvsX protein (a Rec-like recombination protein). Furthermore, at 50- to 100-fold molar excess of acid peptide over intact 32 protein, phage DNA synthesis was specifically inhibited at the initiation step in an in vitro 5-protein DNA replication experiment. We propose that one or more phage replication proteins are titrated as non-productive protein-protein complexes at a site away from the DNA template. This implies that the carboxy-terminal domain of 32 protein is involved in an obligate step of replication machine assembly when the protein is properly attached to ssDNA in the vicinity of a primer-template junction. The assembly defect we observe is strikingly similar to the repression, or "squelching", of the activity of certain eukaryotic transcriptional activators.
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PMID:Assembly of the bacteriophage T4 replication machine requires the acidic carboxy terminus of gene 32 protein. 842 54

Two days after being imported into the United Kingdom one of a group of 30 pregnant dairy heifers showed clinical signs of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection and subsequently died. Before it died the heifer was BVDV antigen-positive and antibody-negative. The gross post mortem findings were suggestive of mucosal disease but in addition to noncytopathic BVD virus, Salmonella typhimurium DT104 was cultured from tissues and gut contents. The other heifers were screened for S typhimurium by culturing faeces, and serology showed that 13 (45 per cent) of the group seroconverted to BVDV in the three weeks between samplings and the remainder were seropositive, indicating previous exposure. During this period four heifers showed clinical signs of acute BVDV infection but recovered uneventfully. Four animals (14 per cent) were positive for S typhimurium DT104 on faecal culture, and three of these excretors concurrently seroconverted to BVDV. Of the 29 heifers remaining in the group, one aborted in late gestation, 26 bore live calves and two delivered stillborn calves. Pre-colostral blood samples from the calves showed that their dams' pre-existing antibody titres correlated well with in utero fetal protection. In non-immune dams, exposure to BVDV between 69 and 120 days of gestation led to the birth of live persistently viraemic calves. Infection between 120 and 140 days of gestation led to the birth of live calves with evidence of congenital damage to the central nervous system, and infection later than 140 days of gestation led to the birth of live, normal calves with high pre-colostral antibody titres to BVDV. One calf which sucked colostrum was antibody and virus antigen-positive when sampled at 12 hours old but regular blood sampling failed to detect viraemia again until the calf was seven weeks old when it became persistently viraemic.
Vet Rec 1996 May 18
PMID:Concurrent bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 infection in a group of pregnant dairy heifers. 873

During an outbreak of strangles on a farm with approximately 1500 horses, the spread of Streptococcus equi infection was monitored by repeated nasopharyngeal swabbing and culture. In order to control the infection and prevent new introductions of strangles on to the premises, a system of quarantine and swabbing of cases and all incoming animals was instituted. Long-term carriage of the organism was detected in four clinically healthy convalescent animals, and in two of 350 new ponies; it persisted for between seven and 39 months, but it was detected only intermittently by the culture of swabs which was a much less sensitive method than the culture of guttural pouch lavages taken by endoscopy (45 per cent v 88 per cent sensitivity, respectively, for any single sample). Repeated swabs were often negative for several weeks between positive samples. Nonetheless, in all but one of the long-term carriers, S equi was detected by culture of repeated swabs taken over a period of less than two to three months. Infection was detected unilaterally in the guttural pouches of five of the carriers and was accompanied by large numbers of neutrophils in the lavage samples whether or not there was empyema. Abnormalities of the affected guttural pouches were detectable by radiography but only after the instillation of contrast medium. The study indicated that clinically healthy long-term carriers of S equi present a serious risk of spreading strangles, particularly because they may be detected only by repeated nasopharyngeal swabbing over two to three months.
Vet Rec 1997 Jan 25
PMID:Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi. 903 8

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection was identified in 11 dogs. The infection was associated with surgical treatment especially orthopaedic surgery. Infection after traumatic wounding, and recurrent pyoderma was also seen. Oral antibiotic treatment improved or resolved the infection in nine of the 11 dogs, although the methicillin-resistant isolates were susceptible to relatively few antibiotics.
Vet Rec 1999 Jan 16
PMID:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in 11 dogs. 1007 Jun 89

A modified open annular ligament desmotomy followed by passive open drainage was used to treat 12 horses with chronic digital septic tenosynovitis due to trauma in the form of open wounds or self-sealing punctures. The surgical approach included complete transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament of the fetlock and proximal digital annular ligament, which facilitated the removal of fibrin, selective debridement and synovectomy, followed by lavage of the digital sheath. The incision was partially closed leaving a 2 cm gap open distally to allow for passive open drainage. Gentamicin was administered intrathecally during surgery. Postoperatively the horses received ceftiofur and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A sterile bandage was used to protect the wound until the gap had healed completely by second intention. Infection was controlled in 11 of the horses which all returned to their previous levels of work, but one horse was euthanased as a result of the persistence of the infection and financial considerations.
Vet Rec 2000 Sep 30
PMID:Treatment of chronic digital septic tenosynovitis in 12 horses by modified open annular ligament desmotomy and passive open drainage. 1107 1

Infection with Pneumocystis carinii was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the lungs of pigs 15 to 75 days of age from a herd with epidemic pneumonia due to the organism. The distribution of the organism was centered on the airways, and extended progressively with age from the alveolar ducts to the alveoli. In a retrospective immunohistochemical study of 245 newborn to adult pigs which were necropsied between 1988 and 1995, P carinii infection was found in 87 pigs (35.5 per cent) aged between 17 days to seven months. In the pigs aged between one and three months the infection rate was 63.1 per cent. Pigs from herds in which suckler and weaner pigs shared the same air space were more heavily infected than those from the herds in which they were reared separately. There were no regional or seasonal variations in the level of infection, and the infection was not associated with any single disease.
Vet Rec 2000 Nov 04
PMID:Immunohistochemical study of Pneumocystis carinii infection in pigs: evaluation of Pneumocystis pneumonia and a retrospective investigation. 1109 94

Worldwide, Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of diarrhoea and dysentery, with approximately 400 million cases occurring annually. Control of the disease through public health and antibiotic measures is insufficient, and vaccination offers the most promising solution. Infection produces immunity from disease, suggesting that vaccination may produce similar protection. Epidemiological data suggest that there are conserved antigens among serotypes; immunity against which protects against disease. Therefore a monovalent serotype vaccine seems practical. Several antigens on Campylobacter have been found to be immunogenic and, in some cases, associated with virulence. However, none of these proteins have been produced recombinantly in the proper conformation, nor have they been protective in preclinical models. For this reason, live attenuated or inactivated Campylobacter whole cell (CWC) vaccines may be the best approach. Development of an attenuated strain of Campylobacter has been complicated by the fact that the organism is highly transformable. Rec A mutants of Campylobacter have recently been constructed in an attempt to avoid this trait. Such mutants have been made defective in various virulence properties and are being evaluated for safety in preclinical models. Antex Biologics has made an inactivated CWC vaccine using the Company's patented NST (nutriment signal transduction) technology, whereby the cells are grown using physiologically logical conditions to maximise the expression of antigens associated with in vivo virulence. This vaccine has been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and protective in preclinical models of infection. Inclusion of a mucosal adjuvant in the vaccine increases the immunological response to the antigen. Recent Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, using the CWC vaccine formulated with an adjuvant and orally administered, show that the vaccine is safe and immunogenic in human volunteers. The approach used to develop this inactivated whole cell Campylobacter vaccine is also applicable for the rapid development of new vaccines against a variety of mucosal pathogens.
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PMID:Campylobacter vaccine development:a key to controlling enteric diseases. 1599 66


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