Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UIJ5 (Rec)
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Enterotoxaemia in sheep due to Clostridium welchii type D was indicated by field and laboratory investigations in Nepal. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, biological and toxin-producing characteristics observed were used to type the isolates. In anaerobic meat medium, all isolates produced pinkish discoloration of meat. All the strains fermented lactose, maltose, dextrose and sucrose whereas, salicine was fermented only by 17 strains. All but five strains were MR negative. Out of 200 isolated, 166 produced both alpha and epsilon toxins and the remaining 34 non-toxogenic strains are likely to be variants which have lost their toxogenicity. Epidemiologically the local name "Six months disease" and enterotoxaemia are considered to be identical diseases.
Vet Rec 1976 Jan 17
PMID:Initial studies on "six months disease" in sheep. 17 66

Enterotoxaemia in goats is mainly characterized by enterocolitis, and it has been suggested that the poor efficacy of commercial vaccines in preventing the disease is due to the local action of Clostridium perfringens toxin/s within the intestine, where circulating antibodies might not exert their action. Five goat kids were vaccinated with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant C perfringens type D epsilon toxoid vaccine on three occasions at three-week intervals, four similar kids were vaccinated with a commercial enterotoxaemia vaccine at the same times, and five other unvaccinated kids were used as controls. All the animals were challenged intraduodenally, one week after the last vaccination, with C perfringens type D filtered culture supernatant. At the time of challenge, the level of epsilon toxin antibodies in the serum of the Freund's adjuvant-vaccinated kids ranged between 2.45 and 230 iu/ml, while the kids that received the commercial vaccine had levels between 0.22 and 1.52 iu/ml. No clinical or postmortem changes were observed in the kids that received the Freund's adjuvant-vaccine. Three of the four kids that received the commercial vaccine developed mild, pasty diarrhoea, with a slight reddening of the colonic mucosa being observed postmortem. All the unvaccinated kids developed severe diarrhoea, respiratory distress and central nervous system signs, and were killed humanely between six and 24 hours after challenge. The postmortem changes consisted of pseudomembranous colitis, lung oedema and perivascular oedema of the brain. Moderate to high serum levels of anti-epsilon antibody appeared to protect the goats against both the systemic and the intestinal effects of C perfringens type D toxins.
Vet Rec 1998 Jun 27
PMID:Protection of goats against experimental enterotoxaemia by vaccination with Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxoid. 968 31

Epsilon toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D causes enterotoxemia in sheep, goats and calves. Enterotoxemia can cause acute or superacute disease, with sudden death of the affected animal. It provokes huge economic losses when large numbers of livestock are affected. Therapeutic intervention is challenging, because the disease progresses very rapidly. However, it can be prevented by immunization with specific immunogenic vaccines. We cloned the etx gene, encoding epsilon toxin, into vector pET-11a; recombinant epsilon toxin (rec-epsilon) was expressed in inclusion bodies and was used for animal immunization. Serum protection was evaluated and cross-serum neutralization tests were used to characterize the recombinant toxin. To analyze the potency of the toxin (as an antigen), rabbits were immunized with 50, 100 or 200 microg recombinant toxin, using aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. Titers of 10, 30 and 40 IU/mL were obtained, respectively. These titers were higher than the minimum level required by the European Pharmacopoeia (5 IU/mL) and by the USA Code of Federal Regulation (2 IU/mL). This rec-epsilon is a good candidate for vaccine production against enterotoxemia caused by epsilon toxin of C. perfringens type D.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and expression of epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens type D and tests of animal immunization. 2019 82

Cattle enterotoxaemia is one of numerous pathologies caused by Clostridium perfringens. These anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria are naturally present in the intestinal flora of mammals, but their uncontrolled multiplication under certain conditions results in the overproduction of toxins in the intestinal tract. Major clinical signs are induced by the systemic spread of these toxins in the blood and tissues. Enterotoxaemia may be acute or peracute, and sudden death is often reported in rapidly growing, apparently healthy cattle. Enterotoxaemia can be prevented only with better understanding of its risk factors and pathogenesis. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of knowledge concerning the aetiology of the syndrome, its epidemiological context, pathogenesis, clinical signs and lesions, the diagnostic procedures and prophylactic tools, with specific attention to field aspects that are directly relevant to practitioners and clinical researchers.
Vet Rec 2010 Jul 03
PMID:Cattle enterotoxaemia and Clostridium perfringens: description, diagnosis and prophylaxis. 2060 54

Enterotoxaemia is an important cause of sudden death in veal calves. This study aimed to evaluate intestinal Clostridium perfringens counts as a diagnostic tool for enterotoxaemia. Field necropsies were conducted on 48 sudden death cases in Belgian Blue veal farms. In 31/48 suddenly deceased calves, the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia was made based on haemorrhagic lesions in the small intestines, while in seven of these cases, no clear-cut diagnosis could be made based on macroscopic appearance of the gut. In the 10 remaining calves, a definitive cause of death other than enterotoxaemia could be identified. Samples of the intestinal content were taken for quantification of C perfringens. After matching cases and controls for diet, and the interval between death and sampling, no significant differences could be detected between the mean C perfringens counts of the small intestines in enterotoxaemia cases and counts in the matching segments in the control group. These results indicate that intestinal C perfringens counts cannot be advised as a discriminative postmortem diagnostic tool for enterotoxaemia in veal calves, not even when sampled within three hours after death.
Vet Rec 2013 Mar 02
PMID:Intestinal clostridial counts have no diagnostic value in the diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in veal calves. 2336 78