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The three groups of bacteria that cause endometritis in the mare are reviewed. The different methods of swabbing are assessed and the criteria which should be observed when developing a swabbing technique listed. The choice of speculum and swabs available are described.
Vet Rec 1979 Mar 17
PMID:Aspects of genital infection and swabbing techniques in the mare. 38 4

The situations and conditions that can disrupt the mares normal oestrous cycle are described. Season of the year is a major influence; maximum reproductive efficiency does not totally coincide with the artificially defined "breeding season". Other abnormalities are associated with spontaneously persistent luteal function, psychological influences over behavioural activity, the presence of endometritis, multiple ovulation, reproductive behavior after pregnancy failure and granulosa cell tumours.
Vet Rec 1979 Feb 24
PMID:Abnormalities in the oestrous cycle in the mare. 57 1

Seven dairy cattle showing clinical post partum endometritis were monitored daily by rectal examination of uterus, ovaries and vagina and by sampling of jugular venous blood and uterine pus. The animals were treated by intramuscular injection of 500 microgram cloprostenol (ICI). All seven animals had an immediate reduction of plasma progesterone concentrations and showed oestrus within two to three days. In six cases the clinical endometritis resolved, with uterine involution, within seven days and uterine mucus sample showed no specific growth. One animal required a second cloprostenol injection 11 days after the first to achieve complete resolution. Subsequently, plasma progesterone levels rose in all animals but two cases later appeared to become anoestrous, perhaps due to pituitary insufficiency. In a further study of chronic endometritis in cattle in the field, 51 out of 56 animals treated in the presence of a corpus luteum showed oestrus within 14 days with resolution of the condition; five others did not respond. None of the three cases which had been treated in the absence of a corpus luteum showed any improvement. This lack of response was not unexpected and supports the view that the mode of action of cloprostenol in this treatment regime is to induce luteolysis. The mechanism of therapy and possible explanation for the occurrence of chronic endometritis are discussed.
Vet Rec 1977 Nov 26
PMID:Treatment of chronic post partum endometritis in cattle with cloprostenol. 59 97

Intrauterine swabs were obtained from cows after calving on two commercial dairy herds with contrasting hygienic environments and incidence of leucorrhea, and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Of 26 cows with a normal calving and puerperium, eight of 14 (57 per cent) were sterile on farm B where hygiene was poor, compared with five of 12 (42 per cent) on farm A where hygiene was better. Two cows on farm B retained their placentas and subsequently developed metritis/endometritis. Actinomyces pyogenes was the commonest bacterial isolate and Fusobacterium nucleatum, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were also frequently observed. Similar isolates were obtained from cows on farm B with parturient or puerperal disorders. The contrasting hygienic environments had no influence on either the quantitative or qualitative uterine bacterial flora. Thus, the difference in the incidence of endometritis must have been due to factors other than hygiene.
Vet Rec 1991 May 11
PMID:Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms. 185 70

Actinomyces pyogenes from a case of endometritis was used to study the effects of infection of the bovine embryo between days 27 and 41 of pregnancy. From 10(9) to 10(10) washed organisms were introduced into the uterine lumen of four pregnant cows. Two pregnant cows were inoculated with sterile saline and four pregnant cows were treated with cloprostenol. Embryonic death and abortion followed 29 to 144 hours after the inoculation of the live bacteria. The aborted embryos were macerated or clearly degenerating and yielded profuse pure cultures of A pyogenes. Abortion was accompanied by a sustained increase in uterine tone, opening of the cervix, presence of vaginal pus and a vulval discharge and the persistence of the corpus luteum for at least eight days after abortion. Intrauterine inoculation with saline did not affect pregnancy, but embryonic death, abortion and regression of the corpus luteum occurred 66 to 72 hours after the treatment with cloprostenol. The results suggest that A pyogenes is a primary pathogen and is capable of causing embryonic death and abortion.
Vet Rec 1991 Jul 06
PMID:Early abortion in cattle induced by experimental intrauterine infection with pure cultures of Actinomyces pyogenes. 189 6

In order to assess the usefulness of haptoglobin as a measure of the acute phase response in cattle, the concentration of serum haptoglobin was estimated in the non-infectious conditions of milk fever and ketosis, and in the infectious conditions of severe mastitis, acute severe metritis, retained placenta and chronic endometritis. Mean haptoglobin concentrations were normal in cattle with non-infectious conditions and chronic endometritis but significantly increased in cattle with infectious conditions.
Vet Rec 1991 Feb 16
PMID:Bovine haptoglobin response in clinically defined field conditions. 190 6

Four autumn-calving dairy herds were selected to investigate the effect of an injection of prostaglandin in the period 14 to 28 days (mean 22 days) after calving on subsequent fertility. The cows were selected on the basis of having a condition likely to affect their fertility, including assisted calving, endometritis, retained fetal membranes, milk fever, cows with five or more lactations, cows having twins, or a combination of any of these conditions. They were assigned to treatment or control groups and paired as closely as possible on the basis of their condition and date of calving. Milk progesterone concentrations were measured on the day of treatment and then three and 10 days later. The trial ran for four months and involved 90 treated and 90 control cows. The combined data from all the animals in the trial failed to show any difference between the calving to conception interval, the first service conception rate or the numbers of services per conception of the treated and control groups. A Student's paired t test for groups of cows with a particular condition, both within individual herds and in all the herds, failed to show any significant effect of treatment (P greater than 0.05). Milk progesterone data showed that the presence of a corpus luteum did not influence the outcome of prostaglandin treatment. There was no evidence for excessive failure of luteolysis. It was concluded that there was no benefit in a routine injection of prostaglandin to dairy cows in the period 14 to 28 days after calving when re-breeding commenced more than 70 days after calving.
Vet Rec 1991 Apr 20
PMID:Effect of prostaglandin treatment on the fertility of problem cows. 205 61

A comparative study of the treatment of 306 severe, moderate, or mild cases of bovine endometritis was carried out over two calving seasons. The cases were treated with alfaprostol, or an intrauterine antibacterial preparation, or with a combination of both therapies. There was no significant difference between the efficacies of these treatments, and a single injection of alfaprostol was effective in 74 per cent of the cases treated. The effectiveness of the treatments was related to the degree of self-cure of the endometritis after parturition, the luteal activity at the time of treatment, and farm management factors affecting the health and condition of the calving cows.
Vet Rec 1990 Jul 28
PMID:Bovine endometritis: comparative efficacy of alfaprostol and intrauterine therapies, and other factors influencing clinical success. 240 62

Mares with persistent and recurrent endometritis are said to be susceptible to infection; in particular they are unable to resolve the acute endometritis that always follows mating. It is thought, therefore, that these mares have a local immunological defect in the uterus that impedes the elimination of bacteria. Studies on immunoglobulins, opsonins and the functional ability of neutrophils in the uterus of susceptible mares have not confirmed the presence of an impaired immune response. It is concluded that factors involved in the production and drainage of uterine fluid may be important in the aetiology of the condition.
Vet Rec 1989 Sep 09
PMID:Current views on the pathogenesis of bacterial endometritis in mares. 268 35

The incidence of periparturient diseases and their effects on the calving to first service interval, the calving to conception interval and the mean number of services per conception were recorded in five Friesian-Holstein herds in the United Kingdom. The incidence rates of milk fever, milk fever followed by endometritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis after retained fetal membranes, endometritis, or ovarian cysts, were 7.5, 1.4, 1.3, 3.3, 10.1 and 6.7 per cent, respectively, and the affected cows had significantly (P less than 0.05) extended calving to conception intervals (13, 66, 25, 51, 31 and 64 days, respectively) compared with herd-mates. Calving to first service intervals and services per conception were also adversely affected. In spite of treatment, milk fever, endometritis and ovarian cysts had a considerable impact on fertility. Improved methods of treatment and, or, prevention are clearly required.
Vet Rec 1989 Mar 04
PMID:Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds. 292 10


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