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The effects of lipolysis on the structure of chylomicrons were studied with the scanning electron microscope using rat chylomicrons incubated with purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase for 20 minutes at pH 8.1. Since the amount of albumin added to the medium was limited, some of the free fatty acids and partial glycerides formed by lipolysis accumulated in the chylomicrons. Lipolyzed chylomicrons fixed with OSO4 at pH 7.4 appeared in scanning electron micrographs as spheres with multiply idented irregular surfaces, while those fixed at pH 5.5, AS WELL AS CONTROL CHYLOMICRONS FIXED AT BOTH PHs, appeared as spheres with smooth surfaces. Sections of OSO4-fixed specimens, viewed with the transmission electron microscope, showed that the core of lipolyzed chylomicrons fixed at pH 7.4 contained numerous circular electron-lucent areas at the periphery, thus accounting for the indented surfaces observed above, while the core surfaces of the other specimens were circular and smooth. These findings confirm an earlier report that aqueous spaces form in chylomicrons during lipolysis when albumin in the medium is limited, and that the aqueous spaces disappear when specimens are prepared at pH 5.5 for microscopy. Thin sections of specimens that had been prepared for scanning electron microscopy showed that the gold-palladium coating was desposited directly on the indented surface of the lipid core of lipolyzed chylomicrons fixed at pH 7.4. It is concluded that vacuum dehydration during specimen preparation ruptures the outer wall of the aqueous spaces in lipolyzed chylomicrons and thereby exposes the interior of the spaces to gold-palladium coating and viewing with the scanning electron microscope.
Anat Rec 1976 Apr
PMID:Scanning electron microscopic study of chylomicrons incubated with lipoprotein lipase. 0 92

Plasma sodium concentrations, packed cell volume, total plasma protein concentration and dermal skinfold thickness were used to assess the state of hydration of 113 transported calves before and after lairage and in 30 control calves on the farm of origin. Skin thickness increased significantly (P less than 0.05) and total protein increased slightly during transport and decreased during lairage. These changes suggest that transport may cause dehydration and lairage may help in recovery. Plasma potassium concentration decreased during transport, but the effect was inversely related to the distance travelled, and the concentration increased during lairage. These changes are consistent with recovery from initially high cortisol levels at loading. The resting behaviour of 150 transported calves was recorded hourly for six hours. More time was spent resting and sleeping by the transported calves than has been reported for non-transported calves and more still by small transported calves, suggesting that transport is exhausting, that lairage helps recovery and that small calves are more adversely affected. During lairage the numbers of calves asleep decreased to values reported for normal calves, suggesting that 10 hours lairage was adequate. However, small calves did not return to their normal rest patterns within the observation period.
Vet Rec 1992 May 09
PMID:Investigation of the effects of transport and lairage on hydration state and resting behaviour of calves for export. 160 74

A method is described that produces sections (15 microns) of large specimens (with dimensions up to 140 x 100 x 200 mm). They are suitable for comparison to CT images of that specimen and can be used as a basis for three-dimensional reconstructions. Frozen unfixed parts of the human body are embedded in polyurethane and scanned with CT. Undecalcified slices, 6 mm thick, of these specimens are cut with a bandsaw. These slices are successfully embedded in polyester resin by means of fixation, dehydration, and subsequent impregnation with this resin. Sections of 15 microns are obtained by cutting the trimmed and sandpapered polyester blocks with an LKB multirange microtome. They are collected on adhesive tape and stained according to Weigert-Azan, sealed between adhesive acetate sheets and photographed on colour slide film. As an example photographs of sections of the human elbow and lumbar spine region are presented.
Anat Rec 1992 Aug
PMID:Plastic embedding procedure for 15 microns sections of large undecalcified tissue blocks. 162 24

When rat ciliary body is processed by high pressure freezing and freeze substitution, numerous membrane-bound vesicle profiles are seen in the vitreous associated with the pars plana and in the valleys between the ciliary processes. They consist of a homogeneously distributed fine granular matrix and varying numbers of ribosome-like structures. The mechanism by which these vesicles are secreted appears to follow an apocrine-type pattern, albeit at the basal cell surface. Matrix material accumulates between the basal plasma membrane of non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells and a cortical layer of cytoskeletal components; the blebs thus formed protrude through a discontinuity in the basal lamina and, by a progressive narrowing of the neck region, are eventually pinched off, giving rise to free vesicles. Under conventional aqueous chemical fixation conditions, most of these vesicles are washed away or their contents solubilized and extracted, which accounts for their not having been identified hitherto as genuine morphological structures. They are nonetheless apparent, albeit in reduced numbers and mostly empty. Such vesicles are also observed in tissue processed according to several other chemical fixation techniques, namely, conventional fixation in the presence of the cationic dye ruthenium hexamine trichloride, simultaneous glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide fixation, and microwave fixation. In the latter instance, comparable vesicle preservation to that obtained by high pressure freezing/freeze substitution may be achieved if fixation is followed by cryoprotection, plunge freezing, and freeze substitution instead of conventional post-fixation and dehydration procedures.
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Formation and release of vesicles from the basal surfaces of rat eye non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells: a novel secretory mechanism? 174 16

A new diarrhoeic syndrome was examined clinically in 19 one to two-week old Charolais calves. It differs from other digestive disorders in calves of this age in the discrete diarrhoeic signs, the absence of dehydration and the presence of signs of ataxia. The microbiological study carried out for three consecutive years in 58 sick calves and nine healthy control calves demonstrated the special role of E coli possessing virulence markers from septicaemic strains (CS31A, Col V). The clinical signs could be the result of bacteraemia with subacute E coli endotoxaemia.
Vet Rec 1991 May 04
PMID:A new diarrhoeic syndrome with ataxia in young Charolais calves: clinical and microbiological studies. 185 35

Biochemical analyses and immunocytochemistry were used to examine the developmental appearance of a major approximately 66 kDa bone phosphoprotein (66 kDa BPP) in the mid-diaphyseal region of embryonic and post-natal chicken tibiae in vivo. Total protein and O-phosphoserine (Ser-P) and O-phosphothreonine (Thr-P) content of 8-, 12-, and 18-day embryonic, and 4-wk post-natal chicken tibiae were determined by amino acid analysis. Similar bone samples were carried through a wide variety of tissue-processing regimes including different protocols for fixation, decalcification, dehydration, and embedding prior to electron microscopy. For immunocytochemistry, tissue sections were incubated with a polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against 66 kDa BPP, and the antigen was revealed by the high-resolution protein A-gold technique. Amino acid analysis, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry all showed the presence and increasing concentration of bone phosphoprotein with advancing developmental age. Immunogold labeling was observed over osteoblasts and mineral deposits throughout the bone with the most intense reaction occurring at the mineralization front in embryonic tibiae. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis confirmed the association of 66 kDa BPP with mineral. The levels of phosphoprotein in the tissue were directly correlated with increasing degrees of mineralization. These observations are consistent with previous proposals suggesting that phosphoproteins may play a significant role in the calcification of bone matrix.
Anat Rec 1990 Sep
PMID:Developmental appearance and ultrastructural immunolocalization of a major 66 kDa phosphoprotein in embryonic and post-natal chicken bone. 224 Jun 4

Clinical hexamitiasis was recorded in pheasant poults between six and 12 weeks old, after placing the birds into release pens, and was characterised by reduced appetite, lethargy and emaciation. Post mortem the carcases were dehydrated. The presence in the lumen of the gut of characteristic motile organisms which could often be found several hours after death, provided a good clinical diagnosis. An emaciation syndrome, clinically similar but not associated with hexamitiasis or other pathogens also occurs in poults. It is characterised by extreme emaciation, largely confined to the pectoral muscles, and dehydration although the birds continue to eat and drink; the cause is unknown. Both hexamitiasis and the emaciation syndrome can cause high morbidity and mortality.
Vet Rec 1990 Mar 17
PMID:Hexamitiasis and an emaciation syndrome in pheasant poults: clinical aspects and differential diagnosis. 232 46

Two oral rehydration solutions (ORS 1 and ORS 2) were evaluated in isolated intestinal loops of anaesthetised calves, in an experimental model of dehydration in the calf, in calves with experimentally induced diarrhoea and in 164 calves with clinical diarrhoea. The studies in isolated intestinal loops indicated that water absorption was significantly greater from ORS 2 than from ORS 1. After the intraperitoneal administration of hypertonic mannitol combined with intravenous diuretics, the plasma volume of calves was reduced by about 30 per cent, and was more rapidly expanded after treatment with ORS 2 than ORS 1. The plasma volume remained significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) three hours after dosing with ORS 1 whereas after treatment with ORS 2 it was not significantly different from the initial value. Acidosis was corrected to a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater extent after treatment with ORS 2, and peripheral perfusion also returned to normal more rapidly in calves given ORS 2. In newly purchased calves in which diarrhoea was induced experimentally with an E coli challenge, base deficit and diarrhoea were corrected more rapidly in the calves receiving ORS 2. When the solutions were tested in the treatment of 164 clinical cases of diarrhoea and dehydration there was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the formulations, although the overall mortality was 4.8 per cent in the calves treated with ORS 2, compared with 8.6 per cent in the calves treated with ORS 1. It was concluded that ORS 2 performed better than ORS 1 especially in the expansion of plasma volume and the correction of acidosis.
Vet Rec 1989 Dec 16
PMID:A comparison of two oral rehydration solutions in experimental models of dehydration and diarrhoea in calves. 269 82

A biochemical examination was made of the blood and rumen fluid of 111 heifers and cows suffering from caecal dilatation, with or without torsion. Haematological values were normal in the majority of cattle. Concentrations of chloride were normal in the rumen fluid of 83 per cent of the animals and higher in the remainder. Nine cows that had to be slaughtered had higher bile concentrations than those which recovered. Twenty-eight per cent had increased blood urea concentrations probably due to dehydration.
Vet Rec 1989 Oct 07
PMID:Haematological and biochemical findings in cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. 281 22

The associations between the developing blood vessels and both endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm in quail embryos at stages 9-11 were examined by using scanning electron microscopy. Embryos were pinned ventral-side up on agar plates and the endoderm was surgically removed prior to fixation and dehydration. This procedure exposes a netlike layer of cells closely apposed to the ventral surface of paraxial mesoderm and all visible blood vessels; we are calling this the subvascular layer. Development of this layer proceeds rostral-to-caudal, and lateral-to-medial, with the earliest stages of formation being visible over the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm of the segmental plate. The subvascular layer increases markedly in density slightly medial to the innermost boundary of the intraembryonic vascular plexus. Cells of this layer eventually establish a continuous sheet beneath the lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm and the notochord. With maturation, the cells of the subvascular layer approach confluence. The spatial and temporal patterns of development of the embryonic vascular tissues and the subvascular layer are closely correlated, suggesting a possible role for the subvascular layer in normal embryonic vascular development.
Anat Rec 1989 Oct
PMID:SEM characterization of a cellular layer separating blood vessels from endoderm in the quail embryo. 281 31


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