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The innervation of the rat cornea was investigated electron microscopically after KMnO4 fixation. Myelinated nerve fibres were observed only in the limbal margin of the cornea, whereas the axons located in the stroma of the avascular cornea were surrounded by the Schwann cell cytoplasm. Axon profiles with small (300-500 A) granular vesicles and another type with agranular vesicles were seen among the non-vesiculated fibres in all parts of the cornea. After superior cervical ganglionectomy it was not possible to find any axons with small granular vesicles. On the other hand, sone degenerating axon profiles were observed in the stromal nerve trunks after ganglionectomy. In the epithelium-naked axons with an occasional mitochondrion and a few agranular vesicles penetrated between the epithelial cells. Moreover, axons filled with several mitochondria were rarely observed in the epithelium, but these were difficult to differentiate from the surrounding epithelial cells. The role of the different nerve types observed in the cornea is discussed. The results suggest that the rat cornea has a dual vegetative innervation.
Anat Rec 1978 Apr
PMID:Ultrastructure of the corneal nerves after fixation with potassium permanganate. 34 72

Surgical correction of corneal opacities in horses has rarely been documented in detail and is still reported to be in the experimental stage. For this reason, studies of lamellar keratoplasty were conducted on the equine eye using a modified trephine with an adjustable inside quard for grafting of identical discs from the donor and the recipient cornea. Fourteen transplantations, seven with homografts and seven with heterografts, 15 and 9 mm in diameter, were performed. Sharp-edged, vertical, and regular outlined wound margins of the graft and host are essential for good adaptation and healing without tension. The details of instruments used, preoperative preparation, surgical technique, and postoperative care are described. Results indicated that this method is a feasible tool for the repair of corneal defects in the horse and may be usefully employed in an intention to restore vision.
Vet Rec 1976 Jul 17
PMID:Lamellar corneal transplantation in the horse. 78 93

A circadian rhythm in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA of the mouse thymus has been described. This same rhythm in animals bearing an 8-day Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) was altered in its phasing, wave-form and over-all 24-hour mean; the most striking alteration seen in four out of five studies was a reduction in the over-all DNA synthesis rate in tumor-bearing animals. Mice subjected to an altered light-dark cycle did not show a complete phase shift in their thymus DNA rhythm within two weeks, but during this time the rhythm in the mitotic index of their corneal epithelium completely phase shifted; the presence of the tumor had no effect on this latter rhythm. In mice subjected to a daily 4-hour restricted feeding schedule, the rhythm in DNA synthesis in the thymus became synchronized in that the peak occurred toward the end of the 4-hour restricted feeding span in both tumor and non-tumor-bearing animals. The rhythm in the mitotic index in the cornea was not phase shifted or altered by the restricted meal timing. The DNA synthesis rhythm in the normal thymus demonstrated a phasing similar to (1) the rhythm in the length of survival time in untreated mice challenged with EAT and (2) the rhythm in DNA synthesis in the normal spleen.
Anat Rec 1976 Mar
PMID:Circadian rhythm in DNA synthesis in mouse thymus: effect of altered lighting regimens, restricted feeding and presence of Ehrlich ascites tumor. 125 79

Cadmium toxicity to the cornea of pregnant rats was studied using the electron microscope and x-ray microanalyzer. In in-vivo experiments, severe corneal edema occurred in pregnant dams that received intraperitoneal injections of cadmium sulphate for 4 days during gestation, but not in nonpregnant rats. Prominent swelling of mitochondria and the occurrence of intra- and intercellular vacuoles in the corneal endothelium were observed only in pregnant dams. In in-vitro experiments, electron-dense deposits consisting of cadmium-oxine complexes were preferentially found in swollen mitochondria of the endothelial cells. Cadmium peaks were obtained from these deposits with x-ray microanalysis. These data suggest that the corneal edema observed after administration of cadmium may imply the disturbance of pump function and barrier function of the corneal endothelium due to the primary toxic effects of this metal on mitochondria.
Anat Rec 1990 May
PMID:Cadmium toxicity to the cornea of pregnant rats: electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. 236 24

Neovascularization of the anterior stroma of the rat cornea was associated with prolonged zinc deficiency (in this model). There was also an increase in the myelinated nerves of the cornea. Blood vessels were not observed in the corneas of the pair-fed and ad-libitum-fed control animals. The invading blood vessels were frequently associated with Schwann cells and neurites. Unmyelinated nerves were observed in the corneal stroma of all three experimental groups.
Anat Rec 1986 Sep
PMID:Vascularization of the rat cornea after prolonged zinc deficiency. 242 89

An infradian modulation with a 168 h or circaseptan period characterizes epithelial corneal mitoses in adult female and male Holtzman rats, standardized at 24 +/- 1 degree C and approximately 50% relative humidity on six different sequences of light (L) alternating every 12 h with darkness (D). To approximate sampling over a 24 h LD span by convenient sampling within a single hour, the LD 12:12 regimen was staggered by 4 h in the six environments. Bedding was changed 3 days before each day of killing. During each of eight or 12 consecutive days, male and female rats, respectively, were killed and the eyeballs were removed. Mitotic indices in the cornea were determined separately for each eye and the data were analyzed by linear and nonlinear least-squares rhythmometry. For a prominent circadian component of mitotic activity, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the period extends from 23.6 to 24.3 h for the data from males and from 23.7 to 24.2 h for those from female rats. The circadian amplitude is larger in males as compared to females. The peaks in the 24 h cosine functions best approximating the data, the circadian acrophases, are at -64 degrees or -48 degrees, i.e., 4 h 16 min or 3 h 12 min from lights-on in male and female rats, respectively. In the data from the two genders, the 24 h synchronized circadian acrophases are thus only 16 degrees, i.e., 1 h and 4 min apart. A test for an anticipated circaseptan (7-day) period shows that this particular infradian periodicity is superimposed upon the circadian one in data from both genders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1989 Nov
PMID:Circaseptan (about 7-day) modulation of circadian rhythm in corneal mitoses of Holtzman rats. 281 35

Diffuse clouding of the cornea ('corneal oedema', 'blue eye') of sudden onset and usually transient duration and with accompanying anterior uveitis, may be attributable to natural infection with canine adenovirus type 1 (CA-1) or to vaccination with live modified virus. It is now recognised that kerato-uveitis is a manifestation of type III hypersensitivity in which immune complex formation resulting from the release of virus, especially from infected corneal endothelial cells, brings about corneal endothelial damage and hence corneal oedema. A proportion of cases fail to resolve. At least one breed, the Afghan hound, appears to be particularly susceptible. The incidence of ocular lesions resulting from vaccination has stimulated the development of new vaccines incorporating canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), a serotype which has been shown not be cause endogenous ocular disease.
Vet Rec 1983 Apr 09
PMID:The 'blue eye' phenomenon. 630 88

Vincristine (VC) was used to arrest metaphases in the epithelium of the cornea and rectum. The cornea was studied by light microscopy (mitotic index). The rectum was analyzed by flow cytometry (%G2 + M). The results of a dose range finding study showed that 3.0 mg/kg body weight VC did not increase the number of metaphases in the cornea or the %G2 + M for the rectum over that recorded for a dose of 1.0 mg/kg VC. Therefore 1.0 mg/kg VC was selected as the dose to use. Mice were kept on a 12:12 light-dark cycle with light from 0600 to 1800. Mice were treated with 1.0 mg/kg VC at either 0200 or 1400. 0200 is a time when the native mitotic index is increasing toward a peak level, which is attained at 0800-1000 under these conditions. 1400 is a time when the mitotic index is decreasing to trough level, which is attained at 2000 to 2200. In one experiment, subgroups of mice were killed at +3 (0500 or 1700) and +6 (0800 or 2000) hours after VC. In a replicate experiment subgroups were killed at +2 (0400 or 1600), +4 (0600 or 1800), and +6 (0800 or 2000) hours after VC. The data from the cornea (mitotic indices) and the rectum (%G2 + M) were graphed against time. For both organs the slope of the metaphase accumulation line was different when VC at 0200 data were compared to VC at 1400 data. The conclusion reached was that by changing the biological time of the experiment one can significantly change the slope of the line obtained with the stathmokinetic technique.
Anat Rec 1984 Jul
PMID:Circadian influence on the metaphase arrest technique in mouse cornea (light microscopy study) and rectum (flow cytometry study). 638 Mar 37

The skin of primate eyelid contains three distinctive sensory nerve terminals. Small down hairs have a collar of lanceolate terminals that are formed by ramifications of the six to eight myelinated afferent fibers. Extensions of Schwann-cell cytoplasm form masses of cytoplasmic lamellae associated with these terminals. Every large hair or eyelash contains a large pilo-Ruffini as well as sparse lanceolate terminals. The eyelash Ruffini corpuscle resembles those of monkey facial guard hairs, sinus hairs, and joint capsules of the cat and pigeon. Sparse lanceolate terminals present between the Ruffini corpuscle and eyelash external root sheath resemble those of vellus hairs. On rare occasion Merkel cells are present in the hair follicle external root sheath above the sebaceous gland. Merkel touch spots, or Tastscheiben, are located between contiguous eyelashes as small rete pegs containing several Merkel cell-neurite complexes innervated by one or two myelinated afferent fibers. The function of this array of sensory terminals is presumed to represent an extensive mechanism of protection for the cornea and globe. On the basis of studies reported to date we can conclude that the Ruffini corpuscles (and related receptors) are the ubiquitous mechanoreceptors of cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems in birds as well as mammals.
Anat Rec 1980 Dec
PMID:The sensory innervation of primate eyelid. 721 15

Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) have been reported to disrupt or abolish circadian rhythms of motor activity and body temperature as well as of several neuroendocrine functions. This study was undertaken to determine any effect the SCN may have on the prominent circadian rhythm characteristic of the mitotic index of the corneal epithelium. Singly caged adult mice of both sexes were fed ad libitum and standardized to 12 hours of light alternating with 12 hours of darkness. Animals were divided into experimental and control groups. Later they were killed in subgroups at the time intervals of 0800, 1200, 1000, 0000, 0400 hour. Mitotic counts were determined on both right and left corneas of all mice. The data were plotted separately for both groups and reflect colony variation. We conclude that major lesioning of the SCN or tis efferent projections disturbed but did not abolish the rhythm. In animals with unilateral lesions of the SCN, the mitotic index was consistently lower in the ipsilateral cornea. The mitotic index for animals with lesions which missed the SCN or its efferent projections did not differ from controls. The nuclei appear to function as pace-resetters and amplifiers of the rhythm studied.
Anat Rec 1980 Jun
PMID:Amplitude-reduction and acrophase-advance of circadian mitotic rhythm in corneal epithelium of mice with bilaterally lesioned suprachiasmatic nuclei. 741 19


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