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A field trial was undertaken to test the efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the treatment of East Coast fever under farming conditions in Kenya. The drug was administered orally at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg bodyweight and treatment was repeated after 48 hours. Of 293 cases treated 236 (80.5 per cent) recovered and 49 (16.7 per cent) died. Five animals were disposed of by the owners and three became chronically infected. No differences were recorded in recovery rate between uncomplicated cases and cases with concurrent anaplasmosis or babesiosis, nor were there any significant differences in recovery rates between animals of different types. However, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) tended to respond more rapidly to treatment than exotic cattle (Bos taurus). Younger animals had a poorer recovery rate than adults. Early treatments were more successful than those administered late. It was concluded that with early detection and treatment, coupled with efficient tick control, halofuginone lactate is effective in the treatment of clinical East Coast fever under field conditions.
Vet Rec 1987 Jun 13
PMID:Clinical trial of halofuginone lactate for the treatment of East Coast fever in Kenya. 330 42

Sixty male weaner cattle at the National Range Research Station, Kiboko, Kenya were placed in four groups of 15 animals under four different tick control regimens for 16 months. The treatment groups were: spraying with acaricide weekly, spraying every three weeks, spraying whenever group mean tick infestations reached more than 200 per animal (once only in the course of the study) and a control unsprayed group. The cattle were weighed monthly. There were no significant differences between the liveweight gains of the groups during a period of severe drought and during the following period of compensatory weight gain. The untreated group gained more weight than the other groups. Cattle died in all groups, but without significant differences between the groups; the long drought and associated malnutrition were the prime cause of death. Rhipicephalus pravus and R pulchellus were the dominant tick species with fewer Amblyomma gemma, Hyalomma truncatum and small numbers of Boophilus decoloratus and R evertsi. These ticks transmit anaplasmosis, babesiosis and cowdriosis in the study area. Total tick counts reached 750 on individual animals but group means rarely reached more than 200 because of high resistance to ticks in some animals. Host resistance ranking within groups was virtually constant throughout the experiment. The study showed that intensive tick control is not required in the semi-arid areas of Africa.
Vet Rec 1986 Oct 18
PMID:A study of the justification for intensive tick control in Kenyan rangelands. 379 81

The effects of continuous oxytetracycline administration on the development of parasitaemia of Babesia divergens during both natural and artificial infections were studied. During natural exposure on grazing heavily infested with Ixodes ricinus, seven out of 42 cattle with no previous exposure to tick-borne diseases were injected every four days with a long acting preparation of oxytetracycline at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg. During the six week grazing period 21 untreated cattle developed a patent parasitaemia of B divergens and all became seropositive by the fluorescent antibody test. In contrast, no parasites were observed in treated cattle and antibody titres remained low. Artificial infections were studied with different dose levels of oxytetracycline and their effects on antibody stimulation noted. First, four groups of cows were infected with 10(8) erythrocytes infected with B divergens, three groups being injected every four days with the long acting oxytetracycline formulation at dose levels of 20, 10 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The highest level completely inhibited parasite replication and antibody formation; the same was observed in one animal dosed at 10 mg/kg but the remainder, plus those treated at 5 mg/kg, developed both low parasitaemia and high antibody titres. The untreated cows developed severe babesiosis. A further untreated control group was added and three weeks after cessation of oxytetracycline treatment all were infected with 10(9) erythrocytes infected with a homologous isolate of B divergens. The controls, plus those in which the previous infection had been completely inhibited, developed severe clinical babesiosis but the remainder were refractory to parasite development.
Vet Rec 1986 Jan 25
PMID:Inhibition of Babesia divergens in cattle by oxytetracycline. 395 67

A survey of clinical babesiosis was carried out in an area serviced by a veterinary practice in Oldcastle, Co Meath. Data were collected from the day books of the practice from 1970 to 1981 and from questionnaires and visits to farmers. Clinical incidence ranged between 3.2 and 4.9 per cent, which was very high compared with figures from Northern Ireland and Devon. Mortality rates were found to range from 7.3 to 14.5 per cent. The seasonality of cases and the age of animals most affected were found to conform to the findings of most earlier studies. The view of the veterinary surgeons that the prevalence of relatively unresponsive cases has increased markedly over the last 12 years was supported by data on the number of revisits and blood transfusions carried out. Cows seemed to be more involved in this phenomenon than other age groups. Although the veterinary surgeons treat less than a third of the cases that occur in the area this seems to be a fairly constant proportion and it is concluded that their day books provide valuable information on the incidence of babesiosis.
Vet Rec 1983 Dec 03
PMID:Prevalence of clinical babesiosis in an area in north Co Meath, Ireland. 666 58

Information on the number of clinical cases of bovine babesiosis in Northern Ireland was gathered from three sources: (a) a representative sample of farms; (b) all veterinary practices normally attending cattle; (c) the drug companies which produce babesicide. From (a) an estimate of 4520 clinical cases per year was derived, from (b) 3923 and from (c) 5600. A resultant estimate of at least 4000 cases per year was assumed to be reasonable. The mortality rate overall was 17.4 per cent but ranged from 8.8 per cent to 100 per cent on one farm. A final estimate of 12.5 per cent mortality was assumed resulting in an annual number of 500 deaths. Costs for mortality were estimated for each type of animal involved and figure of pounds 203,500 per year attributed. When the costs of treatment, assessed at pounds 31,000 per annum, unquantified production losses and increased labour costs were added an annual figure of pounds 250,000 per annum was estimated. This cost mainly falls to farmers in the three counties of Armagh, Fermanagh and Tyrone where 84 per cent of clinical cases take place. As a result the farmers in that area have to bear a loss of pounds 212,500 per year because of babesiosis.
Vet Rec 1983 Mar 12
PMID:Assessment of prevalence of clinical babesiosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. 684 95

A field trial was conducted in Dorset to determine whether calves could be protected against babesiosis by the prior inoculation of irradiated blood infected with Babesia divergens. The trial involved 99 Friesian heifers. Forty were inoculated with infected blood from a donor calf after the blood had been irradiated to a dose of 28 kilorads, 31 were immune animals which had grazed on the infected site the previous year and 28 were susceptible animals. After exposure on a hillside where there was a high risk of contracting the disease, 21 of 28 susceptible animals became clinically affected by redwater and required treatment whereas no animals in the other two groups were affected. It was shown that there was a 100 per cent risk of disease at the site and serological and haematological evidence corroborated the clinical results in demonstrating total protection of the vaccinated animals. Vaccination against redwater appears preferable to therapy, since vaccination before exposure on an infected pasture can replace frequent monitoring of the animals and subsequent therapy late in the course of the disease.
Vet Rec 1981 Jan 10
PMID:Field use of an irradiated blood vaccine to protect cattle against redwater (Babesia divergens infection) on a farm in Dorset. 701 79

A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate solution and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of naturally occurring ehrlichiosis of dogs presented at the University of Nairobi small animal clinic was carried out. Five to 7 mg per kg imidocarb dipropionate given intramuscularly twice at an interval of 14 days was as effective as 14 daily, oral doses of 66 mg per kg tetracycline hydrochloride in alleviating the clinical signs of disease. Imidocarb eliminated the infection in 81 per cent of the cases whereas tetracyclines cleared only 25 per cent as judged by cell culture isolation. Imidocarb had the further advantage of controlling concurrent babesiosis. The majority of dogs showed some transient side-effects after administration of imidocarb, while a small proportion of dogs dosed with tetracycline reacted adversely and dosage had to be reduced or stopped.
Vet Rec 1980 Sep 20
PMID:A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis. 721 Apr 20

A field trial was conducted in Northern Ireland to determine whether calves could be protected against babesiosis by the prior inoculation of irradiated blood infected with Babesia divergens; The trial involved 30 yearling calves. Ten were inoculated with infected blood from a donor calf after the blood had been irradiated at 25 kilorads, and 10 with blood irradiated at 30 kilorads. Their reactions to the inoculation were observed daily for a month. They were then released, along with a control group of 10 susceptible calves, into an area heavily infested with B divergens-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks for two months. Between 24 and 41 days after exposure all the control animals contracted babesiosis and six of them reacted severely. None of the immunised animals suffered clinical babesiosis although 14 had detectable low-level infections. The relative severity of the reactions of the groups of calves was reflected in their haematology.
Vet Rec 1980 Feb 23
PMID:Exposure of cattle immunised against redwater to tick challenge in the field: challenge by a homologous strain of B divergens. 736 9

Data on the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis in France were collected from two sources: a questionnaire sent to large animal veterinary surgeons and blood samples collected from cattle treated for clinical babesiosis. Babesia divergens was common and widespread. B major was found in only one sample. The disease was particularly widespread in north west, south west and central France. The mean clinical incidence was 0.4 per cent. The bimodal seasonality of the clinical cases was correlated with that of the tick vector (Ixodes ricinus). Of the affected animals 72.6 per cent were more than three years old.
Vet Rec 1995 Jan 14
PMID:Large scale survey of bovine babesiosis due to Babesia divergens in France. 770 70

Of 105 dogs examined at a veterinary hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe, 52 per cent had antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis in indirect fluorescent antibody tests, 26 per cent had Babesia canis parasites in peripheral blood smears and 17 per cent had both infections. None of the dogs with serological evidence of ehrlichiosis had typical E canis morulae detectable in blood smears. The infections were regarded as incidental findings not readily related to the reasons for examination in 46 per cent of the dogs with antibodies to E canis and 17 per cent of the dogs with both infections. The most common laboratory abnormalities were anaemia and thrombocytopenia and the prevalence and severity of these in concurrent infections were intermediate to those found in individual infections. There were no pathognomonic clinical signs or laboratory abnormalities which could be used to distinguish between individual and concurrent infections. However, there was a significantly higher prevalence of non-regenerative anaemia in dogs with antibodies to E canis than in dogs with both infections. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia was significantly higher in dogs with babesiosis than in dogs with antibodies to E canis and the prevalence of hyperglobulinaemia was significantly higher in dogs with both infections than in dogs with antibodies to E canis.
Vet Rec 1993 Oct 02
PMID:Infections with Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Zimbabwe. 823 78


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