Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q9UIJ5 (Rec)
 58,342 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cytoskeleton of the human osteoarthritic synovial lining cell (SLC) consists of an extensive number of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) in addition to microfilaments and microtubules. The IFs are especially prevalent in the SLC processes, but are commonly seen in a paranuclear arrangement. Processes, ending in numerous microvilli and blebs, project into the joint space. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) further reveals the processes that may parallel the synovium surface for a short distance. IFs extend to the termination of such Numerous pinocytotic vesicles and extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) are characteristic of the type B cells. Lysosomes and long microvilli identify the type A cell. Punctate adherens, gap junctions, and cilia are the cell membrane specializations of the osteoarthritis (OA) synovium. A comparison with synovium from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is made in order to assess the effect o this inflammatory disease on the SLC cytoskeleton, cell type relationship, and cell arrangement. The prominent cytoskeleton appears to play an important role in the architecture of the synovium. Our findings are further presented in the form of a drawing which in some aspects could describe the morphology of the normal synovium.
Anat Rec 1991 Oct
PMID:Fine structure of the human synovial lining cell in osteoarthritis: its prominent cytoskeleton. 174 15

It has long been known that uncalcified cartilage of embryonic chick long bones is removed to make way for invading marrow. However, no one has clearly established which cells are responsible for this erosion. Using the light and electron microscopes, we have studied the cartilage-marrow interface, which we presume to be the region of resorption. Here, we found two types of mononuclear cells in intimate contact with cartilage matrix. 1. The predominate cell type had a euchromatic nucleus with a nucleolus and a cytoplasm containing extensive profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum; also, processes extended from these cells into the adjoining cartilage matrix. 2. Macrophages containing many lysosomal vesicles, which often became swollen, were found on or near the surface of cartilage. In addition, a few cells with an intermediate appearance were present. A decrease in the amount of sulfated material in a 25-30 micrometer zone of cartilage in advance of the interface and an alteration in the orientation, and in some cases the integrity, of collagenous fibers were associated with the presence of the above mentioned cells. These alterations in cartilage were not due to the synthesis of sulfated or of collagenous material. The above evidence, although not conclusive, suggests that these mononuclear cells are responsible for cartilage resorption. In this respect, the removal of avian uncalcified cartilage is similar to the resorption of uncalcified articular cartilage which occurs in rheumatoid arthritis.
Anat Rec 1980 Nov
PMID:A light and electron microscopic study of the region of cartilage resorption in the embryonic chick femur. 745 41

The vasculature of diarthroidal joints has been well documented; however, the volume of vessels supplying different articular tissues is unknown. Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from preexisting ones, is difficult to quantify in joints due to the unavailability of a suitable technique. Although angiogenesis is known to occur in rheumatoid arthritis, the development of new vessels following joint injury has not been ascertained. A vascular casting technique was developed using carmine red dye to measure the vascular volume of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), menisci, medial capsule, and infrapatellar fat pad of the rabbit knee joint. Vascular volume determinations were repeated at 4 weeks in a group of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-transected animals and in a sham-operated control group. The volume of vessels supplying the MCL was estimated to be 0.22 +/- 0.07 microliter (mean +/- S.E.M.), the LCL volume was 0.25 +/- 0.05 microliter, the medial meniscus volume was 0.19 +/- 0.03 microliter, the lateral meniscus volume was 0.40 +/- 0.08 microliter, the medial capsule volume was 0.14 +/- 0.05 microliter, and the infrapatellar fat pad volume was 1.90 +/- 0.62 microliters. Following ACL transection, angiogenesis was found to occur in the MCL only. All other tissue vascularities were not significantly different from sham-operated controls. A quantifiable method for measuring vascular volume of knee joint tissues has been described. Joint instability stimulates angiogenesis in the ipsilateral MCL; however, the absence of angiogenic activity in other articular tissues might help explain the lack of posttraumatic healing associated with these joints.
Anat Rec 1998 06
PMID:Vascular volume determination of articular tissues in normal and anterior cruciate ligament-deficient rabbit knees. 962 50

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered important mediators of tissue damage in joint diseases. The levels of MMPs 2 and 9 were measured in samples of synovial fluid from 20 joints in seven dogs with rheumatoid arthritis by gelatin zymography. The results were compared with the actual gelatinolytic activity of the fluid measured in a gelatin-degradation ELISA. The gelatinolytic activity in synovial fluid from arthritic joints was markedly greater than that in fluid from disease-free joints. The zymographic activity attributable to MMP-9 (identified by Western blotting) was absent from synovial fluid from control joints but prominent in fluid from arthritic joints, and in these joints the presence of a 75 kDa form of MMP-9 was correlated with the gelatinolytic activity of the fluid measured by the ELISA (r = 0.81, P < 0.05). Synovial fluid from one dog with rheumatoid arthritis was examined before and after treatment with corticosteroids. After treatment its zymographic pattern had returned to normal.
Vet Rec 1998 Aug 22
PMID:Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in canine rheumatoid arthritis. 977 Jul 64

Many joint and bone diseases are caused by, or associated with vascular changes. Particularly in rheumatoid arthritis, vascular sprouting of synovial vessels plays a major role in the generation of joint pathology. To assess the effects of pharmaceuticals that are designed to inhibit neovascularization, we developed a quantitative procedure to measure vascular changes in cross-sections of the mouse knee joint during arthritic inflammation. Arthritis was induced in the knee joint of C57Black6 mice by a single subpatellar injection of methylated BSA after previous immunization. Total vascularity was visualized with a specific monoclonal rat anti-mouse antibody (9F1). Functional vessels were detected with the fluorescent perfusion marker Hoechst 33342. The localization of Hoechst and the vascular marker 9F1 were analyzed in separate images with an automated digital image processing system. By combining the two images, total vascularity and the perfusion status of the vessels during arthritis could be established. The digital image system measures synovial area (SA), number of all blood vessels (NBV) and the number of perfused blood vessels (NpBV). From these parameters the percentage of perfused vessels (perfusion fraction; PF), the vessel density (VD = NBV/SA) and the density of perfused vessels (VDp = NpBV/SA) can be calculated. The measurements showed that the area of synovial tissue had increased during arthritis. Moreover, both the number of blood vessels (NBV) and the number of perfused vessels (NpBV) in the synovial area had increased significantly on Days 4 and 7 after arthritis induction. This procedure enabled quantitation of total vascularity and of functional blood vessels in cross-sections of synovial tissue. It is expected to be a powerful tool, not only to analyze the effects of anti-angiogenic therapies in animal models of arthritis, but could also be applicable to study vascular and perfusion changes in vascular related diseases of the skeleton.
Anat Rec 2001 04 01
PMID:Quantitation of the changes in vascularity during arthritis in the knee joint of a mouse with a digital image analysis system. 1127 72

In the 21st century, patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), a lifestyle-related disease, will increase more than in the 20th century. DM is threatening because of the development of many severe secondary complications, including atherosclerosis, microangiopathy, renal dysfunction and failure, cardiac abnormalities, diabetic retinopathy, and ocular disorders. Generally, DM is classified as either insulin-dependent type 1 or noninsulin-dependent type 2 DM. Type 1 DM is treated only by daily insulin injections; type 2 DM is treated by several types of synthetic therapeutic substances together with a controlled diet and physical exercise. Even with these measures, the daily necessity for several insulin injections can be painful both physically and mentally, whereas the synthetic therapeutic substances used over the long term often have side effects. For those reasons, the creation and development of a new class of pharmaceuticals for treatment of DM in the 21st century would be extremely desirable. In the last half of the 20th century, investigations of the relationships among diseases and micronutrients, such as iron, copper, zinc, and selenium, have been numerous. Research into the development of metallopharmaceuticals involving the platinum-containing anticancer drug, cisplatin, and the gold-containing rheumatoid arthritis drug, auranofin, has also been widespread. Such important findings prompted us to develop therapeutic reagents based on a new concept to replace either insulin injections or the use of synthetic drugs. After many trials, we noticed that vanadium might be very useful in the treatment of DM. Before the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921 and its clinical trial for treating DM, the findings in 1899, in which orally administered sodium vanadate (NaVO(3)) was reported to improve human DM, gave us the idea to use vanadium to treat DM. However, it has taken a long time to obtain a scientific explanation as to why the metal ion exhibits insulin-mimetic or blood-glucose lowering effects in in vitro and in vivo experiments. After investigations from many perspectives involving biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, vanadyl sulfate (VOSO(4)) and its complexes with several types of ligands have been proposed as useful for treating DM in experimental diabetic animals. On the basis of a mechanistic study, this article reports on recent progress regarding the development of antidiabetic vanadyl complexes, emphasizing that the vanadyl ion and its complexes are effective not only in treating or relieving both types of DM but also in preventing the onset of DM.
Chem Rec 2002
PMID:A new concept: the use of vanadium complexes in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. 1220 6

Numerous epidemiological studies have pointed out a higher frequency of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in women than in men, which indicates the involvement of a sex hormone, such as estrogen, in the pathogenesis of TMD. Although estrogen is known to play pivotal roles in osteoarthrosis or rheumatoid arthritis in systemic joints, there have been few reports about the role of estrogen in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The effect of estrogen is generally mediated by the estrogen receptors (ERs) ER alpha (the predominant type) and ER beta. In this study we examined the expression of ER alpha protein and mRNA in the TMJ of adult male rats by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Intense ER alpha immunoreactivity was localized in the synovial lining cells, stromal cells in the articular disc, and chondrocytes in the TMJ. These ER alpha-immunopositive synovial lining cells are characteristic of cytoplasmic processes identified with confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, which indicates that they are synovial type B cells. In situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed intense signals for ER alpha in the synovial lining cells and the sublining fibroblasts at mRNA levels. The nuclei of chondrocytes showed an intense immunoreaction for ER alpha in the maturative and hypertrophic layers of the articular cartilage. In addition to the nuclear localization of ER alpha, a weak immunoreaction appeared in the cytoplasm of some ER alpha-positive cells. These findings support the hypothesis that TMJ tissue-at least in the male rat-has the potential to be an estrogen target tissue.
Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003 Oct
PMID:Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) in the rat temporomandibular joint. 1297 17

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pronounced synovial hyperplasia, in which there may be an imbalance between the growth and death of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin) on FLS apoptosis in experimental RA. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Using cultured AA FLS obtained from these rats, the apoptosis process was measured by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) as well as Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) labeling methods. In addition, the expression levels of the Fas, c-jun, NFkappaB, and caspase-3 gene products in synovial tissues were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and/or Western blotting assays. Our data revealed that rhEndostatin induced apoptosis in AA FLS. The number and signal density of TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in rats treated with rhEndostatin (2.5 mg/kg). The percentage of Annexin V-FITC-positive cells was 6.67% after treatment with rhEndostatin at 25 microg/mL for 48 hr, compared with only 3.32% among untreated control cells. There were significant increases in Fas mRNA, c-jun mRNA, c-Jun protein, and caspase-3 (p20) protein in AA synovial tissues treated with rhEndostatin (2.5 mg/kg), whereas no significant difference in NFkappaB expression was detected between treated and untreated tissues. These findings indicate that rhEndostatin has a therapeutic effect on RA by inducing FLS apoptosis, which is strongly associated with increased expression of Fas, c-jun, and caspase-3, but not NFkappaB.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Aug
PMID:Mechanism of fibroblast-like synoviocyte apoptosis induced by recombinant human endostatin in rats with adjuvant arthritis. 1850 75

The goal of this paper is to search for two-locus combinations that are jointly associated with rheumatoid arthritis using the data set of Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 Problem 1. We use a two-stage strategy to reduce the computational burden associated with performing an exhaustive two-locus search across the genome. In the first stage, the full set of 531,689 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was screened using univariate testing. In the second stage, all pairs made from the 500 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the lowest p-values from the first stage were evaluated under each of 17 two-locus models. Our analyses identified a two-locus combination - rs6939589 and rs11634386 - that proved to be significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis under a Rec x Rec model (p-value = 0.045 after adjusting for multiple tests and multiple models).
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PMID:Application of seventeen two-locus models in genome-wide association studies by two-stage strategy. 2001 16

Triptolide (TP) has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its mechanism of action is not understood. T-cell activation and associated release of cytokines appear to be major factors in the pathogenesis of RA. The overexpression of T-cell receptor (TCR) variable gene (V gene) fragments can cause the activation and infiltration of autoreactive T cells. This study examines the effects of TP on rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum were examined with ELISA. Compared to the CIA group, the levels of IL-10 were greater in the TP treatment group. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the expression of TCR V beta (BV) 15 and TCR BV19 was increased in the CIA group, whereas in the TP treatment group, the expression was decreased. In this study, TP was found to enhance IL-10 levels and decrease the expression levels of TCR BV15 and TCR BV19. These changes might help explain the effectiveness of TP in the treatment of RA.
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012 Jun
PMID:Effect of triptolide on T-cell receptor beta variable gene mRNA expression in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. 2253 21


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