Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:Q8NEX9 (reductase)
 26,410 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

3 Alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) from Pseudomonas testosteroni was shown to reduce the xenobiotic carbonyl compound metyrapone (MPON). Reversely, MPON reductase purified from mouse liver microsomes and previously characterized as aldehyde reductase, was competitively inhibited by 3 alpha-HSD steroid substrates. For MPON reduction both enzymes can use either NADH or NADPH as co-substrate. Immunoblot analysis after native and SDS gel electrophoresis of 3 alpha-HSD gave a specific crossreaction with the antibodies against the microsomal mouse liver MPON reductase pointing to structural homologies between these enzymes. In conclusion, there seem to exist structural as well as functional relationships between a mammalian liver aldehyde reductase and prokaryotic 3 alpha-HSD. Moreover, based on the molecular weights and the co-substrate specificities microsomal mouse liver MPON reductase and Pseudomonas 3 alpha-HSD seem to be members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family.
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PMID:Functional and immunological relationships between metyrapone reductase from mouse liver microsomes and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni. 155 29

Multiple alignment of members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (SCAD) superfamily, according to the conserved domains A-F, has revealed a number of important relationships. It can be shown that the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 enzyme is more closely related to D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase than it is to 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Carbonyl reductase, previously considered to be a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, displayed high homology in the conserved domains and is clearly part of the SCAD superfamily despite the insertion of a large peptide between conserved domains. Alignment of the product of the Leishmania methotrexate resistance gene HMTX showed that an internal, highly conserved domain can be substituted by an unrelated sequence without loss of biological activity. Furthermore, comparisons of the chimeric trifunctional enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase with other family members suggests that the region between the conserved B and C domains is the last to diverge between closely related enzymes and that the F domain appears to evolve with a different evolutionary clock to the rest of the protein. Finally, a highly conserved pattern of serine and threonine residues in the active site of SCAD enzymes indicates that these residues may play an important role in catalysis. These observations should facilitate alignment of future members of the SCAD superfamily.
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PMID:The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily: variations on a common theme. 798 Nov 20

During the biosynthesis of fungal melanin, tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (T4HN) into (+)-scytalone and 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene into (-)-vermelone. The enzyme from Magnaporthe grisea, the fungus responsible for rice blast disease, has been purified to homogeneity. It is a tetramer of four identical 30-kDa subunits. A full-length cDNA clone of about 1 kb encoding T4HN reductase has been isolated from a cDNA library constructed in the lambda ZAP II vector and characterized. The clone contains a 846-bp open reading frame. Translation of the DNA sequence gave a 282-residue amino acid sequence with a calculated molecular mass of 29.9 kDa. Sequences corresponding to the amino-terminal part and three internal proteolytic peptides were present in the translated sequence. T4HN reductase exhibits characteristics of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family. The reductase shares 56% identity with a putative ketoreductase involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus.
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PMID:Polyhydroxynaphthalene reductase involved in melanin biosynthesis in Magnaporthe grisea. Purification, cDNA cloning and sequencing. 811 49

The mocC gene encoded by the octopine/mannityl opine-type Ti plasmid pTi15955 is related at the nucleotide sequence level to mas1' encoded by the T region of this plasmid. While Mas1 is required for the synthesis of mannopine (MOP) by crown gall tumor cells, MocC is essential for the utilization of MOP by Agrobacterium spp. A cosmid clone of pTi15955, pYDH208, encodes mocC and confers the utilization of MOP on strain NT1 and on strain UIA5, a derivative of NT1 lacking the 450-kb cryptic plasmid pAtC58. NT1 or UIA5 harboring pYDH208 with an insertion mutation in mocC failed to utilize MOP as the sole carbon source. Plasmid pSa-C, which encodes only mocC, complemented this mutation in both strains. This plasmid also was sufficient to confer utilization of MOP on NT1 but not on UIA5. Computer analysis showed that MocC is related at the amino acid sequence level to members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family of oxidoreductases. Lysates prepared from Escherichia coli cells expressing mocC contained an enzymatic activity that oxidizes MOP to deoxyfructosyl glutamine (santhopine [SOP]) in the presence of NAD+. The reaction catalyzed by the MOP oxidoreductase is reversible; in the presence of NADH, the enzyme reduced SOP to MOP. The apparent Km values of the enzyme for MOP and SOP were 6.3 and 1.2 mM, respectively. Among analogs of MOP tested, only N-1-(1-deoxy-D-lyxityl)-L-glutamine and N-1-(1-deoxy-D-mannityl)-L-asparagine served as substrates for MOP oxidoreductase. These results indicate that mocC encodes an oxidoreductase that, as an oxidase, is essential for the catabolism of MOP. The reductase activity of this enzyme is precisely the reaction ascribed to its T-region-encoded homolog, Mas1, which is responsible for biosynthesis of mannopine in crown gall tumors.
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PMID:A Ti plasmid-encoded enzyme required for degradation of mannopine is functionally homologous to the T-region-encoded enzyme required for synthesis of this opine in crown gall tumors. 865 10

We report the cloning of the gene encoding the 1-cyclohexenylcarbonyl coenzyme A reductase (ChcA) of Streptomyces collinus, an enzyme putatively involved in the final reduction step in the formation of the cyclohexyl moiety of ansatrienin from shikimic acid. The cloned gene, with a proposed designation of chcA, encodes an 843-bp open reading frame which predicts a primary translation product of 280 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 29.7 kDa. Highly significant sequence similiarity extending along almost the entire length of the protein was observed with members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily. The S. collinus chcA gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli by using a bacteriophage T7 transient expression system, and a protein with a specific ChcA activity was detected. The E. coli-produced ChcA protein was purified and shown to have similar steady-state kinetics and electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as the enoyl-coenzyme A reductase protein prepared from S. collinus. The enzyme demonstrated the ability to catalyze, in vitro, three of the reductive steps involved in the formation of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An S. collinus chcA mutant, constructed by deletion of a genomic region comprising the 5' end of chcA, lost the ChcA activity and the ability to synthesize either cyclohexanecarboxylic acid or ansatrienin. These results suggest that chcA encodes the ChcA that is involved in catalyzing multiple reductive steps in the pathway that provides the cyclohexanecarboxylic acid from shikimic acid.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding 1-cyclohexenylcarbonyl coenzyme A reductase from Streptomyces collinus. 895 9

The ligand-controlled retinoic acid (RA) receptors and retinoid X receptors are important for several physiological processes, including normal embryonic development, but little is known about how their ligands, all-trans and 9-cis RA, are generated. Here we report the identification of a stereo-specific 9-cis retinol dehydrogenase, which is abundantly expressed in embryonic tissues known to be targets in the retinoid signaling pathway. The membrane-bound enzyme is a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, able to oxidize 9-cis retinol into 9-cis retinaldehyde, an intermediate in 9-cis RA biosynthesis. Analysis by nonradioactive in situ hybridization in mouse embryos shows that expression of the enzyme is temporally and spatially well controlled during embryogenesis with prominent expression in parts of the developing central nervous system, sensory organs, somites and myotomes, and several tissues of endodermal origin. The identification of this enzyme reveals a pathway in RA biosynthesis, where 9-cis retinol is generated for subsequent oxidation to 9-cis RA.
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PMID:The identification of a 9-cis retinol dehydrogenase in the mouse embryo reveals a pathway for synthesis of 9-cis retinoic acid. 953 49

cis-Biphenyl-2,3-dihydrodiol-2,3-dehydrogenase (BphB) is involved in the aerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The crystal structure of the NAD+-enzyme complex was determined by molecular replacement and refined to an R-value of 17.9% at 2.0 A. As a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, the overall protein fold and positioning of the catalytic triad in BphB are very similar to those observed in other SDR enzymes, although small differences occur in the cofactor binding site. Modeling studies indicate that the substrate is bound in a deep hydrophobic cleft close to the nicotinamide moiety of the NAD+ cofactor. These studies further suggest that Asn143 is a key determinant of substrate specificity. A two-step reaction mechanism is proposed for cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenases.
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PMID:Crystal structure of cis-biphenyl-2,3-dihydrodiol-2,3-dehydrogenase from a PCB degrader at 2.0 A resolution. 965 31

(6R)-2,2,6-Trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione (levodione) reductase was isolated from a cell extract of the soil isolate Corynebacterium aquaticum M-13. This enzyme catalyzed regio- and stereoselective reduction of levodione to (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2, 6-trimethylcyclohexanone (actinol). The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 142,000 Da by high-performance gel permeation chromatography and 36,000 Da by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme required NAD(+) or NADH as a cofactor, and it catalyzed reversible oxidoreduction between actinol and levodione. The enzyme was highly activated by monovalent cations, such as K(+), Na(+), and NH(4)(+). The NH(2)-terminal and partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme showed that it belongs to the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase family. This is the first report of levodione reductase.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of monovalent cation-activated levodione reductase from Corynebacterium aquaticum M-13. 1050 66

cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dehydrogenase (BphB) from Comamonas testosteroni strain B-356 is the second enzyme of the biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl degradation pathway. Based on the crystal structure of a related BphB, three conserved residues, Ser142, Tyr155, and Lys159, have been suggested to function as a "catalytic triad" as for other members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family. In this study, substitution of each triad residue was examined in BphB. At pH 9.0, turnover numbers relative to wild-type enzyme were as follows: Y155F, 0.1%; S142A, 1%; and K159A, 10%. Although the Michaelis constants of K159A and S142A for cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl increased about 20-fold, relatively little change was observed in the K(m) for dinucleotide. The K159A mutant, which showed little dehydrogenase activity at pH 7, was sharply activated by increasing the pH, reaching almost 25% of the activity of the wild-type enzyme at pH 9. 8. These three residues are therefore critical for BphB activity, as suggested by the crystal structure and similarity to other SDR family members. In addition, BphB showed a strong preference for NAD(+) over NADP(+), with a 260-fold higher specificity constant (k(cat)/K(m)). Evidence is presented that the inefficient use of NADP(+) by BphB might partly be due to the presence of an aspartate residue at position 36.
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PMID:Active site residues of cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni strain B-356. 1081 67

It has been suggested that 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) is a T-cell differentiation marker in mice. In the human, this enzyme has generally been associated with types 1 and 2 17beta-HSDs, which belong to the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family, whereas the rat, rabbit, pig and bovine 20alpha-HSDs are members of the aldoketo reductase superfamily, which also includes the 3alpha-HSD family. In this study, we report the cloning, from a human skin cDNA library, of a cDNA that shows, after transfection into human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, high 20alpha-HSD activity but negligible 3alpha- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the human 20alpha-HSD with those of other related 20alpha- and 3alpha-HSDs indicates that the human 20alpha-HSD shares 79.9, 68.7 and 52.3% identity with rabbit, rat and bovine 20alpha-HSDs, whereas it shows 97, 84 and 65% identity with human type 3, type 1 and rat 3alpha-HSDs. In contrast, the enzyme shares only 15.2 and 15.0% identity with type 1 and type 2 human 17beta-HSDs. DNA analysis predicts a protein of 323 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 36 767 Da. In intact transfected cells, the human 20alpha-HSD preferentially catalyzes the reduction of progesterone to 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone with a K(m) value of 0.6 microM, the reverse reaction (oxidation) being negligible. In a cell cytosolic preparation, the enzyme could use both NADPH and NADH as cofactors, but NADPH, which gave 4-fold lower K(m) values, was preferred. We detected the expression of 20alpha-HSD mRNA in liver, prostate, testis, adrenal, brain, uterus and mammary-gland tissues and in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The present study clearly indicates that the genuine human 20alpha-HSD belongs to the aldoketo reductase family, like the 20alpha-HSDs from other species.
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PMID:Characterization of a human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. 1101 48


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