Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q8IXL6 (RNS)
 1,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in regulation of cardiac myocyte growth and survival. The cardiovascular system is continuously exposed to both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), collectively termed reactive inflammatory species (RIS), and imbalances between the enzymes that regulate their bioavailability are associated with cardiac hypertrophy and the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies, myocardial infarction and heart failure. It is now clear that RIS act as critical regulators of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis through control of redox-sensitive signaling cascades, such as tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which ROS/RNS modulate cardiac myocyte growth and apoptosis induced by neurohormones and cytokines, and will discuss evidence for a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
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PMID:Regulation of hypertrophic and apoptotic signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species in cardiac myocytes. 1458 46

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. Cardiovascular complication including myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of death in diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus induces abnormal pathological findings including cell hypertrophy, neuropathy, interstitial fibrosis, myocytolysis and apoptosis and lipid deposits in the heart. In addition, the cytoplasmic organelles of cardiomyocytes including the plasma membrane, mitochondrion and sarcoplasmic reticulum are also impaired in both type I and type II diabetes. Hyperglycaemia is a major aetiological factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in patients suffering from diabetes. Hyperglycaemia promotes the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). The release of ROS and RNS induces oxidative stress leading to abnormal gene expression, faulty signal transduction and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Hyperglycaemia also induces apoptosis by p53 and the activation of the cytochrome c-activated caspase-3 pathway. Stimulation of connective tissue growth factor and the formation of advanced glycation end products in extracellular matrix proteins induces collagen cross-linking and contribute to the fibrosis observed in the interstitium of the heart of diabetic subjects. In terms of signal transduction, defects in intracellular Ca2+ signalling due to alteration of expression and function of proteins that regulate intracellular Ca2+ also occur in diabetes. All of these abnormalities result in gross dysfunction of the heart. Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors, endothelin-receptor antagonist (Bonestan), adrenomedullin, hormones (insulin, IGF-1) and antioxidants (magniferin, metallothionein, vitamins C and E) reduce interstitial fibrosis and improve cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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PMID:Molecular and cellular basis of the aetiology and management of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a short review. 1536 3

The current lack of suitable probes has limited the in vivo imaging of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS/RNS are often generated by ischemia-induced inflammation; defining the extent of tissue involvement or ROS/RNS-related damage would have a significant clinical impact. We present the preparation and demonstration of a fluorogenic sensor for monitoring peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated hypochlorous acid (HOCl/OCl(-)) production. The sensor consists of a long circulating biocompatible nanoparticle that targets phagocytic cells in vivo and is coated with approximately 400 quenched oxazine fluorophores that are released by reaction with HOCl or ONOO(-) but are stable toward oxidants such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide. MPO-dependent probe activation is chloride ion dependent and is negated in flow cytometry studies of MPO inhibitor treated neutrophils. Fluorescence reflectance imaging and microscopic fluorescence imaging in mouse hearts after myocardial infarction showed probe release into neutrophil-rich ischemic areas, making this ROS/RNS sensor a novel prognostic indicator.
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PMID:Oxazine conjugated nanoparticle detects in vivo hypochlorous acid and peroxynitrite generation. 1981 43