Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A short review is presented illustrating different methods employed to determine the antibiotic concentration in different tissues in man and the limitation to perform thorough pharmacokinetic studies. The most often used experimental models (different tissue cage models the fibrin clot, skin blisters, skin windows, skin chambers) applied in animal and man for studies of antibiotics are presented as well as a discussion concerning their relevance to the clinical situation.
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PMID:Experimental models for studies on transportation of antibiotics to extravasal compartments. 27 46

In several species of laboratory animals, the concurrent serum and tissue-cage fluid levels of several antibiotics after a single parenteral dose have markedly different profiles. New work has shown that these differences are mainly due to the relatively impermeable granulomatous sheath which develops around the implanted tissue chambers. The concentrations of an antibiotic in tissue-cage fluid are therefore not representative of its concentration in "interstitial fluid" or extravascular fluid in general. Tissue-cage levels are probably more representative of antibiotic levels to be found inside abscesses, in chronic disease situations, or relatively avascular sites in the body.
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PMID:Implanted tissue-cages: a critical evaluation of their relevance in measuring tissue concentrations of antibiotics. 27 48

Developments in the measurement of interstitial tissue fluid using the tissue cage model are described. The design and physical characteristics of tissue cages are examined and evidence is presented to show that the fluid contained within these cages is representative of interstitial tissue fluid. The distribution of a variety of antibacterial agents into tissue cage fluid is examined and shows that this technique is a reliable experimental model for the study of drug distribution. The results also show that some antibacterial agents may never, normally, distribute into the tissue fluid and that the use of tissue homogenates, especially the kidney, is unreliable as a guide to the tissue concentration of a drug.
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PMID:The tissue cage model in the distribution of antibacterial agents. 27 64

Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) and olfactory tubercle (OT) caused enhanced intake of wet mash in 23-hr-food-deprived rats tested in photocell activity cages during restricted 30-min sessions. This mild hyperphagia was accompanied by a significant hypoactivity in the group with NAS/OT lesions. No hyperphagia was observed during a prolonged 120-min test session or in free-feeding tests conducted in the home cage. Anorexia induced by d-amphetamine (.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) was unaltered by the lesion, although the locomotor stimulant action of the drug was attenuated. A second experiment showed that the NAS/OT lesion also enhanced food intake in the photocell cages during 30-min sessions with dry food pellets but that food-associated drinking was concomitantly reduced. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral changes caused by mesolimbic neuron destruction result in part from an inability to switch from one behavioral activity to another.
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PMID:Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. 28 97

Experiments have been carried out with 150 rats in order to study some psychophysiological functions of the mesencephalocortico limbic dopaminergic A10 group. Lesions in the A10 area were made by using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) local injections; 2 small volumes of injections were used at the same concentration (2 mug/1 mul or 1 mug/0.5 mul). In a first experiment the effects of these two injections were tested on locomotor activity measured in a circular corridor, 10 and 30 days after surgery. Injections provoked hyperactivity, mainly during nocturnal basal activity periods, but not during initial exploratory activity periods. The larger the injection, the more important the hyperactivity was. The larger injections induced important food spillage evidence through the wire floor of the home cage and perturbation in a passive avoidance learning. There was no change in body weight or in amount of ingested food. In a second experiment, the effects of local injection of 6-OHDA in the other CA structures or bundles situated in or near the ventral tegmental area were tested. Injections in the substantia nigra compacta, in the noradrenergic ventral bundle, in the dorsal periventricular system-tegmental radiations did not provoke locomotor hyperactivity. In a third experiment, a possible role of the median raphe (MR) nucleus in the A10-lesion induced hyperactivity was tested: first, radiofrequency MR lesions were made and no durable significant hyperactivity was recorded; secondly, 6-OHDA (1 mug/0.5 mul) was injected into the A10 area and activity was measured 10 days later: these injections provoked significant hyperactivity during the nocturnal basal and the diurnal basal activity periods. It might be concluded that neither the neighboring CA fibers nor the MR were directly involved in the ventral tegmental -- 6-OHDA lesions syndrome. Anatomical controls by using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnating method have demonstrated, first, that the 6-OHDA injections did not destroy fibers other than catecholaminergic and secondly, that the degenerations are found in the forebrain and cortical limbic A10 projections. Hypotheses are made about a possible general inhibitory role of the A10 in behavior, in the sence of selective and attentive arousal processes, often impaired in some mental illnesses.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of lesions in the A10 dopaminergic area of the rat. 30 Feb 68

A chronic pulmonary disease was encountered in nude mice of a barrier sustained colony, and Pneumocystis carinii was identified as the causative agent histopathologically as well as on impression smear preparations in the affected lungs. Fatal infection was seen only in old nude mice aged more than 6 months, while focal pulmonary lesions were developed without clinical signs in young adult nudes 2 to 3 months of age. The lesions produced in aged nude mice were characterized by propagation of mononuclear cells with the presence of foamy masses of P. carinii. Heterozygous littermates were much less susceptible to the infection but pneumocystic lesions could be produced readily by multiple treatment with immunosuppressants. The infection could be transmitted without immunosuppressant to non-infected nudes but not to heterozygous littermates after intranasal inoculation of affected tissue emulsion or by cage mating with severely affected nudes.
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PMID:Chronic fatal pneumocystosis in nude mice. 30 93

The relative distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood and in pleural or abdominal effusions was compared among 24 patients with fluid accumulation due to metastatic cancer and 8 patients without evidence of cancer. The data obtained indicated that the mean percentage of T-lymphocytes in malignant effusions was significantly greater than that in the peripheral blood of the same patients. At the same time, the mean eprcentage of B-lymphocytes was decreased in malignant effusions when compared with peripheral blood. Neither of these differences was observed when effusions and blood of patients with nonmalignant effusions were compared. In addition, patients with both types of effusions had fewer total lymphocytes in their blood than did normal control patients, whereas those with cancer-associated effusions had an increased proportion of active T-lymphocytes in their blood.
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PMID:Distribution of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and effusions of patients with cancer. 30 1

The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has been evaluated using a relatively simple and objective target breathing test on one patient. Seven normal subjects were used as controls. Magnetometer recordings were used to determine whether abdominal and rib cage expansion were in phase. Subjects were asked to match their breathing frequency to a metronome signal. Their ability to control respiratory timing voluntarily was assessed in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV) of inspiratory time (Ti) and of expiratory time (Te). The CV's of Ti and Te were much greater in the patient in the absence of cerebrellar stimulation than they were in normal subjects. Both at 3 weeks and 6 months after implantation of the stimulator, a significant improvement in the performance of the patient was demonstrable with the stimulator on, although normal values were never achieved. This demonstrable influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination has important implications for both the avoidance of respiratory complications and the potential improvement of speech in patients with cerebral palsy.
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PMID:The influence of chronic cerebellar stimulation on respiratory muscle coordination in a patient with cerebral palsy. 31 May 25

The effects of sustained constriction of the rib cage (RCC), constriction of the abdomen (AC) and of breathing against a positive pressure of 10 cms of water (PPB) were studied in four normal subjects with moderate constant hypercapnia. Intercostal electrical activity (Eic) was measured by implanted wire electrodes and diaphragmatic electrical activity (Edia) by oesophageal electrodes. There was no fixed relation between Edia and VT. VT was unaltered during AC and RCC: Edia was unaltered during AC but increased during RCC. The response to PPB without constriction varied: three subjects increased end-expiratory VL with increase in Edia and inspiratory Eic. One subject initially, and one subject after training, maintained end-expiratory VL constant with no change in Edia and an increase in expiratory Eic. When PPB was applied during AC and RCC there was an increase in Edia proportional to end-expiratory lung volume. The overall response to distortion was determined by voluntary choice, but muscle electrical activity reflected chest wall configuration: when the diaphragm was shorter and at a mechanical disadvantage its electrical activity increased. This was compatible with a reflex with afferent information from diaphragm tendon organ and muscle spindle receptors.
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PMID:Muscle activity during chest wall restriction and positive pressure breathing in man. 36 29

Congenitally athymic nude mice (nu/nu) were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Japanese strain under specified pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) conditions. SPF euthymic litter mates (nu/+) serving as controls were found to tolerate the infection well, while SPF nu/nu mice following infection of 3 X 10(7) organisms died by week-36. Animals having received a very small dose (3 X 10(0) of organisms and their non-infected cage mates showed no evidence of infection at week 37 post-infection. Time-course observations carried out on SPF and GF nu/nu mice following infection with 10(5) or 10(6) organisms revealed that the number of organisms in the liver and spleen reached 10(6) to 10(7) viable units per organ at week 12 and this level was maintained for 50 weeks post-infection. Bacillary counts in the kidney and lung increased progressively and reached a level of 10(7) to 10(8) at the terminal stage of infection. In the liver, spleen and lymph nodes of nu/nu mice, granulomas were noted 12 weeks postinfection. The granulomas were composed of macrophages and accompanied by slight infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and a small number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In later infection stages, small aggregations of pigmented macrophages packed with acid-fast bacilli were present in the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Lesions with large foci of bacilli-laden macrophages developed progressively in the kidney, lung and subcutaneous and periosteal connective tissues. Periosteal granulomatous lesions, sometimes accompanied by exudation, intruded occasionally into the bone marrow, resulting in extensive granulomatous osteomyelities.
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PMID:Progressive and fatal infection with attenuated Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in nude mice. 37 3


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