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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Large-amplitude waves recorded in the pontine tegmentum, lateral geniculate body and visual cortex herald the onset and continue throughout paradoxical sleep. The role of these ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves, or spikes, has puzzled researchers since their discovery. This paper reports experiments in cats which have demonstrated that PGO spikes are essentially an epiphenomenon, an electrical sign of the activation of a "startle network" by the neural turmoil of paradoxical sleep. Internal stimulation provided by the bursts of neural activity which characterize paradoxical sleep produces PGO spikes in the lateral geniculate body which are identical in appearance to those elicited during synchronized and paradoxical sleep by 1.55 Hz tone bursts or taps on the cage in normal cats. Cerebellar lesions result in behavioral responses to the intrinsic startles during synchronized sleep in the form of extensor or flexor jerks of the forelimbs. The jerks occur in conjunction with each PGO spike. Identical movements can be induced in the same cats in wakefulness by such startling stimuli as dropping the cat or hissing with an aerosol can. Lesions involving the auditory-visual area permit cats to be stimulated by sound in synchronized sleep without arousal, but anterior lobe lesions produce an easily aroused animal. We postulate that the phenomena observed following cerebellar lesions are the result of alteration in the control of serotonergic neurons of the pontine raphe nuclei.
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PMID:The biological significance of PGO spikes in the sleeping cat. 17 95

In a search for behavioural tests where certain behaviours related to dopamine and noradrenaline transmission can be recorded automatically we have developed and tested an automatic version of the hole board. The test measures two behaviour variables: the open field variable defined as the number of interruptions of photocell beams symmetrically covering an open field area and the 'hole' variable, defined as the number of head-dips into holes recorded by photocell beams positioned underneath the floor of the cage. The method was evaluated by observations of the rats concomitant with the automatic registrations. The animals were tested on dopamine agonistic drugs, which were found to decrease the 'hole' counts and cause an increase in the open field counts as compared to saline injected controls. d-Amphetamine which is known to increase the release of dopamine as well as of noradrenaline caused an increase in both the open field counts and the 'hole' counts. The increase in 'hole' counts caused by d-amphetamine was reduced when the animals were pretreated with a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor (FLA 63) or a noradrenaline receptor blocker (phenoxybenzamine). These results suggests that the increase in the 'hole' variable was related to an increased noradrenaline transmission while the increase in the open field variable was related to an increased dopamine transmission. The lowest dose of apomorphine caused a behavioural inhibition which may be explained by a preferential stimulation of dopamine autoreceptors.
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PMID:Automatic registration of behaviour related to dopamine and noradrenaline transmission. 17 98

In a large-scale mouse breeder colony persistently infected with Sendai and mouse hepatitis viruses, most adult breeders 8 wk or more of age were shown to have antibodies to both viruses when monitored over a periof of 20 mo. Antibody to Sendai virus, apparently transmitted from the dam, was detected in 76% and 2% of mice aged 3 and 4 wk. respectively, and 64% and 100% of mice aged 6 and 8 wk, respectively. By seroconversion of sentinel cage-mates, a Sendai virus-carrier state was demonstrated with 6-wk-old mice but not with those either 4 wk or 10 wk of age, suggesting that breeder candidates about 6 wk of age may play an important role in establishing and perpetuating Sendai infection in this breeding colony. With mouse hepatitis virus, however, mice aged 4 wk or older seem to be effective transmitters of the virus, while some of these mice were found to have antibody to the virus.
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PMID:Carrier state of antibody and viruses in a mouse breeding colony persistently infected with Sendai and mouse hepatitis viruses. 17 59

We have studied the respiratory compensation for elastic loads in 15 term and preterm infants. Elastic loads, approximately equal to the infant's effective elastance, were applied to the airway for five breaths while tidal volume and mask pressure were monitored. Motion of the rib cage and abdomen were monitored simultaneously with magnetometers. The studies were done both in active or REM sleep and in quiet or non-REM sleep. During quiet sleep the load immediately reduced the tidal volume by about 50% but a progressive increase in tidal volume occurred over the next four loaded breaths. During active sleep load compensation was disorganized with respect to both tidal volume and frequency, and compensation was significantly less. Active sleep was also characterized by marked rib cage distortion. We suggest that during active sleep there is tonic inhibition of the intercostal muscles, allowing the diaphragm to distort the rib cage. This distortion impairs load compensation by a direct mechanical effect and indirectly by initiating an intercostal-phrenic reflex.
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PMID:Respiratory load compensation in infants. 17 72

The accumulation of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in extraosseous lesions has been reported in patients with myocardial infarctions, cerebral infarctions, and some soft-tissue tumors. While the precise mechanisms involved remain uncertain, the spectrum of abnormalities exhibiting such accumulation increases. In our laboratory, 99mTc-diphosphonate concentrated in four hepatic tumors (one cholangiocarcinoma and three metastases from colon carcinoma). This property of phosphate-related radiopharmaceuticals has not been reported previously. Awareness of the possibility of focal diphosphonate accumulation in the liver should help avoid confusion with right lower rib-cage metastasis or pleural effusion.
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PMID:Accumulation of 99mTc-diphosphonate in four patients with hepatic neoplasm: case reports. 18 68

Airborne transmission of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) between chickens was studied in two trials using an experimental line of White Leghorns. HVT either did not spread or spread poorly to chickens that had been exposed for 8 weeks to the exhaust air from a cage containing donor chickens inoculated with HVT at 8 weeks of age. There was no airborne transmission of HVT to chickens that had been exposed for 4 weeks. This study indicated a possible by an infrequent spread of HVT between chickens via airborne route.
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PMID:Horizontal transmission of turkey herpesvirus to chickens. 5. Airborne transmission between chickens. 18 71

Thirty-seven specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats ranging from newborn to 1 year were inoculated with the Rickard strain of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Each inoculated cat shared a cage with a control SPF cat for 40 weeks post inoculation. After 4-5 weeks, 20 of the inoculated cats became group-specific antigen (gsa)-positive; the other 17 remained gsa-negative but developed virus neutralizing and feline oncornavirus cell membrane-associated antigen antibody titers. Seventeen of the control cats in contact with the gsa-positive cats developed evidence of FeLV infection 4-18 weeks after virema was detected in their inoculated cage mates. Of the control cats in contact with inoculated cats that remained gsa-negative, none developed evidence of FeLV infection. Data indicated that the gsa-positive state in cats inoculated with FeLV correlated with the capacity for horizontal transmission of the virus.
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PMID:Horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus under experimental conditions. 18 52

We did not detect cell-free Herpesviurs saimiri (HVS) in the oropharyngeal secretions of owl monkeys with leukemia or lymphoma induced by this virus. These animals failed to transmit either virus or disease to their uninoculated cage-mates or room-mates. Comparison of oropharyngeal secretions of HVS from owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys may provide insight as to how human herpesviruses are maintained in the oropharynx.
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PMID:Absence of horizontal transmission of herpesvirus saimiri between experimentally infected and noninfected owl monkeys. 18 6

We have studied two groups of eight preterm infants, relating chest wall afferent information to respiratory timing. Rib cage and abdominal motion were monitored by magnetometers and flow and tidal volume via a face mask. In the first group, studies were done in REM sleep when spontaneously occurring distortion of the rib cage occurred and a significant linear relationship between the rate of distortion of the chest wall and shortening of the inspiratory time (Ti) was found in all infants. Reduction in this distortion by the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or continuous negative pressure at the body surface (CNeg) was associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) lengthening of Ti. Absence of changes in Ti when pressure was applied in quiet sleep suggested that lung volume or chemical changes were not involved. In the second group of infants we artificially generated the afferent inflow by using vibratory stimuli applied in one intercostal interspace and produced a significant (P less than 0.05) shortening in Ti. We suggest that the distortion of the rib cage in REM sleep generates afferent information from intercostal muscle spindles that is related to the rate of distortion and this, via a supraspinal reflex, inhibits phrenic motoneuron discharge. It may then be of importance in the etiology of apneic episodes in these infants. Applied pressure may be of benefit because it reduces an inhibitory afferent inflow.
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PMID:Neonatal chest wall afferents and regulation of respiration. 19 Feb 5

Coccidial oocysts and/or vegetative germs, spores, and toxins of Cl. perfringens Type A were used in mono-infection and poly-infection experiments on SPF chicken aged seven and 56 days and kept under different conditions. Necrotic enteritis was regularly reproduced in all experimental groups with polyinfections. In chicken aged seven days necrotic enteritis was reproduced even after repeated mono-infections with 4 X 10(9) gerus and toxin of Cl. perfringens. The loss figures recorded from ground-kept infected groups were higher than those established from the cage-kept animals. The pathologica-anatomic findings recorded from the dead chicken included necrotic, ulcerative, and catarrhal to haemorrhagic intestinal inflammations, with necrotic enteritis being most strongly pronounced in the ileum and jejunum. All infected groups lost not only animals but weight as well. Their average weight on the 21 st day from the onset of infection was up to 26.4 per cent lower than that of the control groups.
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PMID:[Experimental reproduction of necrotic enteritis in the chicken. 2. Further mono- and polyinfections with CL. perfringens and coccidia with special reference to ground-kept chickens]. 19 Sep 69


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