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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a series of experiments, the effect of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on shock-induced fighting was assessed rats raised and maintained under either a 12-hr alternating light-dark cycle (LD) or constant light conditions (LL). PCPA increased shock-induced aggression only in LL groups when testing was accomplished using a 2 mA shock; PCPA resulted in increased aggression in groups from the LD condition only when testing was done at 1 mA. A procedure that used castrated and intact cagemates to manipulate home-cage social experience provided evidence for a role for social experience in determining differences between LL and LD reared rats in shock-induced aggression. However, these data also suggested that home-cage social experience was not a factor in the lighting condition influence on the effect of PCPA on shock-induced aggression. Finally, a separate experiment demonstrated that diurnal rhythms in shock-induced aggression were disrupted by handling and vehicle injection in the control procedures, so the possible role of serotonin in diurnal rhythms of aggression behavior could not be assessed.
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PMID:Influence of PCPA, shock level, and home-cage conditions on shock-induced aggression. 16 May 69

A series of experiments was conducted to assess the influence of home-cage lighting conditions on shock-induced aggression in rats. The first two experiments tested rats six times within 24 hr and demonstrated that subjects maintained on a light/dark (LD) cycle fought more than rats maintained on a 24-hr light schedule (LL). In addition, a periodic trend could be identified in the data of the LD groups but not in the data of the LL groups. The second two experiments assessed the effects of castration on this lighting effect. Castration of adults did not influence the lighting effects, but castration of weanling rats eliminated the group difference between LL and LD groups. However, the LD rats castrated at weaning did show the periodic trend characteristic of all of the LD groups tested within 24 hr. Two additional experiments assessed the effects of time of testing in between-subjects designs. Time of testing was a significant variable in the LD groups but unimportant in the LL groups. A final experiment demonstrated that the difference between the LD and LL groups does not emerge in a daily testing procedure.
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PMID:Influence of home-cage lighting conditions on shock-induced fighting. 98 77

In a series of experiments the effects of colony lighting conditions on home-cage aggression were examined, and the relation among measures of home-cage aggressive behavior and shock-induced aggression were determined. In each experiment rats were maintained under either a light/dark (LD) cycle or a continous light (LL) schedule. Experiments 1A and 1B indicated that for cages of LD rats the highest rates of home-cage aggression occurred during the dark segment of the light cycle whereas the lowest rates of aggression characterized the light segment. In contrast, the rate of home-cage aggression was low and constant across time periods for cages of LL rats. Reflecting these differences between lighting conditions, regression analyses in Experiment 1B identified a periodic trend following the fundamental sine curve in the home-cage aggression data from cages of LD rats but not in the data from cages of LL rats. In Experiment 2 the relation between individual differences in home-cage aggression and shock-induced aggression and shock-induced aggression was found to be time dependent for pairs of LD rats. Correlations based on scores of home-cage aggression and shock-induced aggression obtained during the dark segment were positive and statistically significant. Correlations of these two aggressive behaviors based on scores obtained during the light segment were not statistically significant. For pairs of LL rats, no time-dependent pattern in the relation of home-cage aggression to shock-induced aggression was observed.
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PMID:Influence of colony lighting conditions on home-cage spontaneous aggression. 98 78

In male house mice (Mus domesticus and M. musculus), the act of coital ejaculation provides a fail-safe neural signal for timing the birth of their offspring. A unique aspect of this phenomenon is the extraordinary latency that can occur between the stimulus (ejaculation) and its adaptive neural response (male mice cease killing pups and behave parentally toward them). Thus the inhibition of infanticide is routinely time-delayed for many days after mating. In the absence of mating, cohabitation with a female will not inhibit infanticide in CF-1 stock males (M. domesticus), whereas the birth of pups in the male's home cage will inhibit infanticide. But with regard to the ejaculatory phenomenon, which also includes the spontaneous reemergence of infanticide 50-60 days after mating, this entire behavioral cycle toward pups can occur in the total absence of regular time cues from a light/dark cycle following ejaculation. However, exposure to photoperiodic (L:D 12:12) or constant light (LL) accelerated the transition time from infanticide to parenting after ejaculation, while in constant dark (DD), the transition time to parenting was significantly prolonged. The time interval between ejaculation and the inhibition of infanticide, which varied among individuals first mated at 6 months of age, was repeatable when the same males were remated at 9 months of age; however, when males were again mated at 18 months of age, the time interval between ejaculation and parenting was dramatically prolonged. In general, coital ejaculation triggers a neural timing system that cannot be explained by any presently known physiological mechanism. Our results do suggest, however, that the neural timing variation observed among individuals is influenced by sex steroid exposure during late fetal development.
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PMID:Individual variation in the neural timing of infanticide and parental behavior in male house mice. 174 71

Intact rats and rats bearing lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNX rats) were trained to obtain food by pressing either of two levers located on opposite sides of a cylindrical cage. Intact rats were maintained in constant light (LL) and under daily light-dark (LD) cycles, SCNX rats in LL only. A restricted daily feeding schedule was next imposed, such that pressing one lever provided food for a limited duration (1 or 2 hr) at one time of day while pressing the second lever provided food for the same duration at another time of day. Most rats generally showed anticipatory lever-pressing preceding both daily feeding times, and several discriminated between the two, pressing the lever appropriate for each feeding time more than the inappropriate lever. Discrimination performance was better in intact rats in LD than in intact or SCNX rats in LL. These results indicate that rats can associate different food locations with different times of day, an ability previously known only in honeybees and birds.
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PMID:Rats anticipate and discriminate between two daily feeding times. 207 3

In an effort to determine the inductive component(s) of photic input in long day seasonal breeders, adult male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were exposed to one of nine lighting conditions for a duration of 10 weeks: a light-dark cycle of 14 hours of light followed by 10 hours of dark (LD 14:10, a long photoperiod); LD 10:14 (a short photoperiod); a high frequency light-dark cycle of 1 hour of light and 1 hour of dark (LD 1:1); a higher frequency light-dark cycle of 1 minute of light and 1 minute of dark (LD 1m:1m); constant light (LL); constant dark (DD); feedback lighting (LDFB; a condition that illuminates the cage in response to locomotor activity); a feedback lighting neighbor control (LDFB NC; the animal receives the same light pattern as a paired animal in LDFB, but has no control over it); or reverse feedback lighting (rLDFB; a condition that darkens an illuminated cage in response to locomotor activity). Exposure to LL, LD 1:1, LD 1m:1m, LDFB and rLDFB significantly and similarly lengthened the free-running period of the locomotor rhythm when compared to the period of animals in DD. The paired tests and accessory reproductive glands weights, spermiogenesis, seminiferous tubule diameter and serum concentrations of testosterone, prolactin, LH and FSH, suggest that LD 14:10, LL, LD 1:1, rLDFB and LDFB NC maintain reproductive function in the Syrian hamster, while LD 10:14, DD, LD 1m:1m and LDFB do not. It is known that as little as two 1-second pulses of light are stimulatory if coincident with the subjective night (17.22). Thus, it is not surprising that LD 1:1 is stimulatory. LD 1m:1m is not stimulatory, however, despite an identical quanta of light per 24 hours and similar phase relationship. It appears that mere light exposure during the subjective night is not necessarily reproductively inductive. It would also appear that behaviorally generated light-dark cycles can be (i.e., LDFB), but are not necessarily (i.e., rLDFB) inhibitory to the maintenance of the reproductive system in long day breeders. Furthermore, the lighting pattern derived from LDFB is stimulatory if given exogenously (i.e., LDFB NC). Although it is not understood why light exposure that is coincident with the subjective night (i.e., LD 1m:1m and LDFB) is not stimulatory in long day breeders, a possible hypothesis is that an internal coincidence model is involved in the photoperiodic response and that multiple transitions during the subjective night may cause a dissociation of internal oscillations which must be in phase for light to be stimulatory.
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PMID:Nocturnal illumination does not necessarily stimulate the photoperiodic response, despite mimicking the effects of constant light on the circadian system in the male Syrian hamster. 211 74

Feedback lighting (LDFB), which illuminates an animal cage in response to active wheel running, exposes only the photosensitive portion of the phase-response curve to light. In the hamster, the photoinducible zone of the circadian rhythm of photoperiodic photosensitivity occurs during the interval of active wheel running. Since LDFB exposes the photoinducible zone almost as much as constant light (LL), we predicted that LDFB would maintain gonadal function just as LL does. Surprisingly, 10 male hamsters exposed to 1-sec pulses of LDFB for 8 wk had regressed testes similar to those of hamsters in continuous darkness (DD) and significantly smaller than hamsters exposed to LL (P less than 0.01). Two of 5 male hamsters exposed to 2-min pulses of LDFB underwent complete testicular regression and two had partially regressed testes. All females exposed to LDFB or to DD ceased showing cyclic signs of ovulation within 20 days, whereas most hamsters exposed to LL continued to show signs of cyclic ovulation. Six of the 8 hamsters exposed to LL had ova in their oviducts at autopsy, and also had significantly larger uteri (P less than 0.01) than hamsters exposed to DD or LDFB. None of the latter two groups (n = 6 and 9, respectively) had oviductal ova at autopsy. These results demonstrate that considerable exposure of the photoinducible zone to light does not necessarily maintain gonadal function. Light delivered to the photoinducible zone by LDFB may disrupt the normal alignment (internal coincidence) of circadian rhythms, thereby causing gonadal regression. Gonadal induction can occur when the photoinducible zone is exposed to light; however, it may not be the light itself, but rather the action of the light to alter the phase relationships of several oscillators, that causes induction and maintenance of the gonads.
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PMID:Gonadal regression despite light pulses coincident with locomotor activity in the Syrian hamster. 390 52

Despite the large number of publications concerning circadian body temperature in rodents, relatively little is known about phase relationships of the body temperature cycle relative to daily locomotor rhythms. Phase angle differences between core body temperature and locomotor activity were determined by a group of overlapping methods for 14 hamsters and 11 chipmunks under constant light (LL) and entrained (LD) photo schedules. The study compared the onset of the body temperature cycle with three separate components of daily locomotor activity: the onset of wheel running, the onset of total activity in a standard wheel cage, and the onset of total activity in a restricted cage, respectively. The temperature cycle showed a pronounced phase lead over onset of wheel-running activity in all hamsters and in the majority of chipmunks, but the phase lead was reduced when total activity was considered. With activity restriction, the onset of temperature rise and activity onset concurred. The body temperature onset in some species may serve as a valid phase point for indirect measurement of circadian timing, but the potential artifact of masking by heat generated from muscular activity should be kept clearly in mind.
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PMID:Relationship of circadian temperature and activity rhythms in two rodent species. 987 11

Social contact with conspecifics entrains rhythms of a number of species, although convincing demonstrations of the phenomenon in diurnal mammals are limited. The present study examined the question of whether social contact mutually synchronizes free-running locomotor activity rhythms of the diurnal Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Twelve male squirrels were housed individually, without visual contact, in two separate laboratories (six in each laboratory). The squirrels were initially held under opposing light-dark (LD) schedules (with an 11 h phase difference), and were then placed under constant bright light (LL). Squirrels from separate laboratories were paired together, and each pair was placed into a fresh cage on the day of the pairing. After 48 days of social contact, the squirrel pairs were separated, and returned to their original positions in the two laboratories in fresh cages. Free-running phase and period were assessed prior to and after the social contact for each squirrel. The phase difference in the free-running rhythms of pairs of squirrels was significantly decreased following social contact. Actogram records revealed strong evidence of social synchronization of free-running rhythms in four of the six pairs. For the remaining two pairs, the data were ambiguous. This study confirmed the findings in other species, that social cues are a potent zeitgeber for F. pennanti.
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PMID:Social contact synchronizes free-running activity rhythms of diurnal palm squirrels. 1022 68

Mature male Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) were placed in individual light-tight, sound attenuated chambers and exposed to one of four lighting conditions for a duration of approximately seven weeks. The four lighting conditions were: constant light (LL); constant dark (DD); feedback lighting (LDFB; a condition that illuminates the cage in response to locomotor activity); or a feedback lighting neighbor control (LDFB NC; the animal receives the same light pattern as a paired animal in feedback lighting, but has no control over it). Exposure of hamsters to LL or LDFB produced significantly and similarly longer free-running periods of the locomotor activity rhythm than exposure of animals to DD. Hamsters exposed to LDFB NC did not free-run or entrain, but rather displayed "relative coordination". The paired testes and sex accessory glands weights suggest that in the Djungarian hamster, LL and LDFB exposed animals maintained reproductive function, whereas DD exposed animals did not. Animals exposed to LDFB NC had intermediate paired testes weights. Since several previous studies have demonstrated that short pulses of light, which are coincident with the subjective night, are photostimulatory, it is not surprising that LDFB maintained reproductive function in the mature Djungarian hamster. Feedback lighting, however, has been shown to be an insufficient stimulus to maintain reproductive function of mature male and female Syrian hamsters, and to the reproductive maturation of immature Djungarian hamsters. The results suggest that there may be slight, but significant differences in the way these two species interpret photoperiod, as well as a developmental change in the photoperiodic response of Djungarian hamsters.
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PMID:Nocturnal illumination maintains reproductive function and simulates the period-lengthening effect of constant light in the mature male Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). 1153 43


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