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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Norepinephrine turnover rates and tyrosine hydroxylase activities were determined in the interscapular brown fat pad of the rat during cold acclimation, hyperthyroxinism, and after thyroidectomy. Rats were cold acclimated by placement in a cold room, one rat to a cage, for a period of 6 wk. Hyperthyroxinism was induced by daily subcutaneous injections of L-thyroxine (1 mg/kg) for 6 days. Norepinephrine turnover rate and enzyme activity were determined at the end of each experimental period and at 8 wk after thyroidectomy. The rate of norepinephrine turnover increased during cold acclimation and hyperthyroxinism and decreased after thyroidectomy. Cold acclimation resulted in a significant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity, whereas no significant effect on enzyme activity was observed in hyperthyroxinism or after thyroidectomy. None of the conditions produced a change compared to controls in the apparent Km of tyrosine hydroxylase for L-tyrosine. Cold acclimation resulted in a significant decrease in the apparent Km of tyrosine hydroxylase for pterin cofactor, whereas thyroxine treatment and thyroidectomy had no effect.
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PMID:Thyroid cold acclimation influences on norepinephrine metabolism in brown fat. 1 13

The mortality of ddK mice treated with 40 mg/kg i.p. of methamphetamine (MA) was 85% in grouped conditions (10 mice in a cage) and 3% in individually isolated conditions. This mortality was not altered by the social environments even when other mice in the cage were not treated with MA. The mortality of mice individually isolated in cages with transparent walls was significantly higher than that of completely isolated mice. Almost all neuroleptics dose-dependently antagonized the MA toxicity in grouped mice, in small doses. The antagonizing activity of clozapine was somewhat weak, and sulpiride potentiated MA toxicity. Phentolamine and propranolol antagonized the MA toxicity at higher doses than neuroleptics. Reserpine and tetrabenazine previously given to mice remarkably antagonized the MA toxicity. H44/68 (a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor) had a considerable effect in antagonizing the MA toxicity, but diethyldithiocarbamate, U-14, 624 and FLA 63 (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors) prevented the MA toxicity to a lesser extent than did H44/68. Apomorphine had no effect on the MA toxicity. The present data show that the MA toxicity in grouped mice (the increase in mortality) was enhanced by the presence of other mice, and suggest that the norepinephrine neurons play an important role in promoting the MA toxicity. Neuroleptics antagonize MA toxicity probably by blocking alpha-receptors in the central nervous system.
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PMID:[Mechanism of methamphetamine toxicity in grouped mice and the effects of centrally acting drugs on its toxicity (author's transl)]. 2 32

6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (R-THBP), a co-factor for tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, induces the enhancement of ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine on mice. In this study, we investigated the circadian variation in the interaction between R-THBP and methamphetamine by changing the time-of-day of both methamphetamine administration and pretreatment with R-THBP. The mouse's ambulatory activity was measured by a tilting-type activity cage for 4 hr. In the daytime, but not in the nighttime, the ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine (1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) was significantly enhanced by the pretreatment with R-THBP (100 mg/kg, s.c., 2 or 6 hr before). These data indicate the possibility that peripherally administered R-THBP increases the biosynthesis of catecholamine especially in the daytime.
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PMID:Circadian variation in R-THBP-induced enhancement of the ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine on mice. 130 21

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) contains a population of cholinergic neurons thought to be part of the ascending reticular activating system, and non-cholinergic neurons. In the previous study it was shown that various excitotoxins made effective lesions of cholinergic neurons in the PPTg but that quinolinate made smaller lesions in the non-cholinergic population, making it more selective than any other excitotoxin. The purpose of the present experiment was, first, to make lesions of cholinergic neurons throughout the length of the PPTg by infusing toxin at two different sites within it; and second, to examine simple motor activities in rats bearing either quinolinate or ibotenate lesions of the PPTg, and contrast these with the deficits seen after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced lesions of mesostriatal dopamine (DA)-containing neurons. Post-mortem examination was carried out using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) immunohistochemistry, and routine Nissl staining. Both quinolinate and ibotenate destroyed approximately 75% of ChAT-positive neurons in the PPTg, but damage to non-cholinergic neurons (assessed by Nissl staining) was twice as great following ibotenate as quinolinate. 6-OHDA induced almost complete lesions of mesostriatal DA neurons, assessed by TOH immunohistochemistry. DA depleted rats showed deficits in drinking and spilled more food in the first 2 weeks after surgery, and were unable to reach or grasp food pellets in the staircase test. They also showed strong ipsilateral turning in response to amphetamine and contralateral turning to apomorphine. Quinolinate lesioned rats had no eating or drinking impairment in the home cage but showed a reaching (though not grasping) disability in the staircase test. They had a mild ipsilateral bias following amphetamine. Ibotenate lesioned rats, despite having larger lesions than the quinolinate, showed no deficits in eating or drinking in the home cage, or reaching or grasping disabilities in the staircase test. They did have a mild contralateral bias in response to amphetamine. This dissociation of the effects of quinolinate and ibotenate lesions of the PPTg is consistent with the suggestion that the PPTg has two functionally distinct components, and is attributed to the differential lesion of non-cholinergic neurons by the two excitotoxins.
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PMID:Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat. II. Examination of eating and drinking, rotation, and reaching and grasping following unilateral ibotenate or quinolinate lesions. 135 93

Studied were isolation induced effects in guinea pigs. Males (CM) living in two colonies (12 males, 12 females, each) were compared to males (IM) born in the colonies and kept isolated from their 2nd month of age. The findings were: At 19 months of age CM showed higher testosterone and cortisol titers, higher adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activities and higher seminal vesicles weights than IM. Body, spleen, and adrenal weights did not differ. Thus gonadal, adrenomedullary, and adrenocortical activities appear higher in CM. Adrenal functioning indicates that isolation per se is no more stressful than group living. At their 13th month of age CM and IM did not differ in their behaviors during a 1 hr open-field exposure. This is not considered to result from similar 'emotional temperaments' but rather from an inappropriate procedure to study 'emotionality' in adult guinea pigs. At their 14th month of age CM and IM were placed into the home cage of a male experienced fighter for 15 min. The agonistic encounters between the resident and CM occurred more frequently and were more escalated than between the resident and IM. IM may be a weaker stimulus for attack possibly due to a decreased production of androgen dependent pheromones as indicated by the decreased seminal vesicles weights. Eight IM placed into the colonies at their 16th month of age lost 16.3 to 20.9% of their initial body weights. Three IM died within 8 days although they were not attacked by CM. The 5 surviving males gained low ranking social positions, showed a high degree of arousal and probably were not able to reproduce.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effects of long-term isolation on physiology and behavior in male guinea pigs. 287 50

Five vervet monkeys were administered increasing doses (4--12 mg/kg/day) of d-amphetamine over a period of 35 days. Three phases od behavioural change were discerned: phase 1 during which animals exhibited repetitive stereotyped action sequences with rapid head movements, occasional abnormal grooming, picking at the cage, hand-staring and snatching; phase 2 in which behaviour became progressively more restricted and animals became markedly unresponsive to auditory, visual and tactile stimuli; phase 3 was characterised by the abrupt development of gross over-responsiveness to environmental stimuli, ataxia and tremor. At post-mortem, by comparison with controls, amphetamine-treated monkeys showed marked depletions of the monoamines dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) in corpus striatum and cerebral cortex and reductions in the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase in striatum. Turnover of these monoamines, assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography determinations of their respective metabolites, was also reduced. These findings are interpreted as evidence of monoamine neurone destruction, most severely in the case of DA neurones. Though there was a non-significant reduction in 3H-spiperone binding (reaching almost 50% in nucleus accumbens), numbers of receptors for the monoamines nA and 5-HT were not significantly changed, and the activities of the enzymes choline acetyltransferase and glutamine decarboxylase were similar in experimental and control animals. The contrast of these findings with those seen in post-mortem brains in schizophrenia is discussed.
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PMID:Behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic amphetamine treatment in the vervet monkey. 613 May 56

The present experiments investigated changes in dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic neurones originating from the A10 cell group, in animals exposed to electric shocks in pairs or individually, in comparison to animals receiving no shock and tested in pairs or alone. The social setting under which shock occurred had no influence on the increases in DOPAC levels observed in animals exposed acutely or chronically to electric shocks. In contrast, subordinate rats in the paired shock condition had lower tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the accumbens than dominant rats. Pairing of animals in the test cage without shock induced an increase in accumbens DOPAC levels.
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PMID:Influence of shock-induced fighting and social factors on dopamine turnover in cortical and limbic areas in the rat. 653 86

In an investigation of the role that central tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH) containing neurons play in copulation in the male Syrian hamster, the induction of Fos protein was used as an index of neuronal activation. With a double immunoperoxidase technique, the activation of TH neurons was compared in hamsters from three experimental groups: (1) mated in a new cage; (2) handled controls placed into a new cage, and (3) unhandled controls. Although mating selectively induces Fos production in the medial amygdaloid nucleus (Me), more than half of the TH neurons in Me (a region outside of the classical catecholamine systems) expressed Fos equally in all of the experimental groups. In the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), TH neurons were activated equivalently in mated and handled control animals compared to unhandled controls. TH neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) were also activated in handled control animals, and mating further enhanced the level of Fos immunostaining in these neurons above both groups of nonmated animals. Although not quantified, co-localization of Fos and TH was also observed in all experimental groups in the olfactory bulbs and the interfascicular nucleus, and in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the cerebral cortex, regions which contain TH neurons but are not part of the classically described TH cell groups. Few, if any, TH neurons in other catecholaminergic brain regions, such as the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus, produced Fos in any of the experimental groups. These results suggest that TH neurons in the PVN and NST may be activated during different states of arousal, and that nonclassical TH neurons in the amygdala produce high levels of Fos even in unstimulated animals.
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PMID:Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and Fos in the male Syrian hamster brain following different states of arousal. 791 21

Regional changes in the rate of brain monoamine synthesis were monitored in male rats exposed to, but prevented from physical contact with, an estrous or an ovariectomized female. The in vivo rate of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activities were estimated by measuring the accumulation of DOPA and 5-HTP following inhibition of cerebral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase by means of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD-1015) treatment (100 mg/kg i.p.). 5 min upon NSD-1015 treatment, the males were exposed to an intact estrous female or an ovariectomized female for 20 min before decapitation and brain dissections. Exposure to an estrous female produced an increased rate of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorso-lateral neostriatum and in the ventral neostriatum, in comparison with home-cage controls. By the same comparison, exposure to an ovariectomized female resulted in an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, but not in the neostriatal areas, whereas tryptophan hydroxylase activity was unaffected. Finally, exposure to the empty test cage, with no stimulus females present, did not produce any statistically significant changes in the rate of tyrosine or tryptophan hydroxylase activity in any of the brain areas sampled. Taken together with recent findings from this laboratory, the present results demonstrate that the level of sexual motivation brought about by the olfactory, auditory and/or visual stimulation of a receptive female is associated with an increased demand on catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the limbic forebrain of the male rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of exposure to an estrous female on forebrain monoaminergic neurotransmission in the non-copulating male rat. 811 7

In this study, selective breeding was used to generate two populations of rats that differed in their susceptibility to showing decreased struggling activity in a swim test after being exposed to uncontrollable electric tail-shock. After five generations of selective breeding, we obtained a population that displayed large decreases in swim-test struggling after shock (swim-test susceptible) and a population that displayed no decrease in struggling after shock (swim-test resistant). Males of this fifth generation from the two selectively-bred populations were then compared for differences in non-swim behavioral measures (home-cage 24-h spontaneous ambulatory activity and food/water intake) and several aspects of brain catecholaminergic activity, including electrophysiological activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, catecholamine/metabolite concentrations in various brain regions, and in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Interestingly, swim-test resistant rats displayed larger decreases in home-cage ambulatory activity and water intake after exposure to shock than did swim-test susceptible animals. Marked differences were also seen in measures of brain noradrenergic activity. Compared to the susceptible rats, resistant rats showed higher levels of evoked activity of LC neurons, larger shock-induced depletions of norepinephrine (NE) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in the LC, lower in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in ventral bundle projection areas such as the hypothalamus, and larger amounts of NE in dorsal bundle projection areas. Finally, swim-test resistant rats had much higher concentrations of dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatum and nucleus accumbens than susceptible rats. These results appear to be explainable on the basis that differences in swim-test struggling behavior for which the two populations were selectively bred were a consequence of differences in forebrain DA whereas stress-induced differences in other behavioral measures (i.e. spontaneous ambulation and intake) occurred because swim-test resistant animals showed greater disturbance of the LC-NE system after uncontrollable shock.
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PMID:Susceptibility and resistance of rats to stress-induced decreases in swim-test activity: a selective breeding study. 883 28


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