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Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 9 weeks of age, were assigned to four groups: Group 0 (n = 8) was dissected for base-line control, and the other three groups were fed for 3 mo: Group 1 (n = 9), sedentary controls; Group 2 (n = 6), running rats housed in a cage with a treadmill and pair-fed with Group 1; and Group 3 (n = 7), running rats, pair-fed and allowed free access to additional glucose. The distances of voluntary running did not significantly differ between Groups 2 and 3. Menstrual cycles in these rats were apparently maintained as observed from daily running distances. The amount of glucose taken by rats in Group 3 was 3.5 +/- 0.4 (mean and SE) g/d. Body weight (BW) at the end of the experiment for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 295.0 +/- 7.9, 211.7 +/- 5.4 (p < 0.001 vs. Group 1), and 259.0 +/- 3.5 g (p < 0.01 vs. Group 2), respectively. The parameters of bone mass such as ash weights of the femur and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and the tibia in Groups 1 and 2 did not differ, but the values were significantly greater in Group 3 than in Group 2. However, these parameter values corrected for BW were significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 and did not significantly differ between Groups 2 and 3. The parameters of bone formation, such as serum bone alkaline phosphatase activity levels and trabecular bone formation rates corrected for BW, were significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 but did not differ between Group 2 and 3. However, the parameters of bone resorption, such as serum tartrate resistant acid-phosphatase levels, were significantly less in Group 3 than in Group 2. These results suggest that voluntary running augments the age-dependent increase in bone mass by modulating the bone turnover when an adequate energy source is supplied under conditions of normal menstruation, and an adequate supply of energy could be necessary to enhance the age-dependent increase in bone mass.
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PMID:Modulation of bone mass and turnover in growing rats by voluntary weight-bearing exercise and glucose supplementation. 974 61

Nine hundred fifty male Hubbard chicks were used in a 21-d study (10 birds per battery cage) to determine relative bioavailability of P (RBP) in four feed-grade phosphates (FP) [two Brazilian dicalcium and two U.S.-made phosphates (di-monocalcium and defluorinated)] and four Brazilian agricultural grade phosphates (AP) [single (AP-1), and triple (AP-2) superphosphates, monoammonium (AP-3), and thermomagnesium (AP-4) phosphates]. The reference standard was a purified-grade calcium phosphate dibasic (SP). Phosphates were added to the corn-soybean control diet (22% protein; 0.40% P + 0.08% P from SP), providing 0.08 and 0.16% additional P. Calcium level was 1.0% for all diets. Slope ratio was used to determine RBP, with BW, bone ash (BA), or bone strength (BS) regressed on P added within each P source. A relative biological value (RBV) was estimated using BW, BA, and feed efficiency. Performance was depressed (P < 0.01) by AP as compared with FP; BW was decreased by 11%, and feed intake (FI) was decreased by 14%. Mortality increased (P < 0.05) by 154% (7 vs 2.8%). Phosphate source AP-4, which had the lowest content of P and a high content of F, Fe, Ba, Ti, and Th, was toxic based on a 44% decrease (P < 0.01) in BW, 46% decrease in FI, 19% decrease in BA (32.4 vs 40.0%), 55% decrease in BS (7.1 vs 15.8 kg), and mortality increase (P < 0.05) from 0.7 to 26% compared with the average of AP-1, -2 and -3. The RBP could not be estimated for AP-4; and average availabilities for FP and AP, respectively, were 100.6 and 107.6% (BW), 88.3 and 93.2% (BA), 84.2 and 96.3% (BS), and 100.0 and 99.9% (RBP). The AP varied in RBP, with particularly high values calculated for AP-3. Performance and bone parameters in this study were not strongly affected by high levels of potentially toxic mineral elements in certain AP; this result may be explained by the low levels of phosphate addition and the short duration of the feeding period (21 d). However, considering their relatively high levels of F, Fe, Mg, S, Ba, Ti, and Th, agricultural-grade phosphate may represent considerable risk of toxicity for use in animal diets.
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PMID:Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in feed and agricultural phosphates for poultry. 1062 48

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of genetically engineered microbial (Natuphos) and plant (Phytaseed) phytase for enhancing the utilization of phytate P in corn-soybean meal-based diets fed to young broilers and to evaluate the safety of Phytaseed phytase. Three levels of each of the two sources of phytase (250, 500, and 2,500 U/kg of diet) were added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 0.46% total P, 0.21% nonphytate P, and 0.92% Ca. There were eight cages per treatment (eight birds per cage for Weeks 2 to 3 and seven birds for Weeks 4 to 5), except for the basal diet without added phytase that had 16 cages. Cage BW and feed consumption were recorded weekly. During Week 5, cage excreta samples were collected for determination of apparent retention coefficients of DM, Ca, and P. At the end of Week 5, all birds were killed, and the left and right toes were removed for determination of toe ash weight and percentage. Forty birds (one per cage from the diet without added phytase and diets with 500 or 2,500 U phytase/kg from both sources) were randomly selected for gross necropsy and histologic evaluation of liver, kidney, and bone tissues. Addition of both sources of phytase resulted in similar increases (P < 0.05) of BW gain; feed intake; gain:feed; apparent retention of DM, P and Ca; and toe measurements. Phosphorus excretion decreased as phytase addition increased. No significant abnormalities were seen in any of the 40 broilers necropsied. Further, the fit of a nonlinear function revealed that most measurements reached a plateau at 2,500 U/kg. Based on performance, bone characteristics, and retention of P, Ca, and DM of young broilers, the efficacy of Phytaseed phytase was similar to that of Natuphos phytase for enhancing the utilization of phytate P in corn-soybean meal-based diets. General necropsy and histologic examination of liver, kidney, and tibial tissues revealed no adverse effects of phytase source or level.
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PMID:Comparison of genetically engineered microbial and plant phytase for young broilers. 1082 60

Adolescent meat-type poultry and cage layers exhibit a high incidence of bone problems that include bone weakness, deformity, breakage, and infection and osteoporosis-related mortalities. These problems include economic and welfare issues. To improve bone quality in poultry, it is essential to understand the physiological basis of bone maturity and strength in poultry. A complex array of factors that include structural, architectural, compositional, physiological, and nutritional factors interactively determine bone quality and strength. Bone is approximately 70% mineral, 20% organic, and 10% water. Collagen is the major organic matrix that confers tensile strength to the bone, whereas hydroxyapatite provides compressional strength. In recent years, the roles of different collagen crosslinks have been shown to be important in the increase of bone mechanical strength. Similarly, age-related glyco-oxidative modifications of collagen have been shown to increase the stiffness of collagen. These posttranslational modifications of matrix can affect bone quality as it would be affected by the changes in the mineralization process. Our studies show that the growth in the tibia continued until 25 wk of age, which correlated with the increase in the content of hydroxylysylpridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP), the collagen crosslinks. The tibia from 5-wk-old chicks were strong but brittle because of low collagen crosslinks and high mineral content. Bone maturity may relate to its crosslink content. Compared to crosslink content, bone density and ash content showed moderate increases during growth. The bones from younger turkeys were more susceptible to corticosteroid-induced stunting of growth, which also resulted in decreased bone strength. This review discusses how different factors can compromise bone strength by reducing growth, altering shape, affecting mineralization, and affecting collagen crosslinking.
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PMID:Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry. 1090 Dec 6

Hens were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.35, 0.25, 0.15, or 0.10% nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) (40 to 60 wk). Phytases A and B were added at 0.25, 0.15, and 0.10% at 250 to 300 units of phytase (FTU)/kg feed in a 3 x 3 factorial; 0.35% was a control diet. Treatments were replicated with eight cages per treatment (five hens per cage) in a randomized complete block design. Phytase supplementation had a significant effect on several production parameters: feed intake, feed conversion, and egg mass. Results showed nonsignificant effects (P < 0.06) on feed intake when hens were supplemented with phytase A or B and consumed more feed compared to the basal diet at 0.10% NPP. The feed conversion of birds fed 0.10% NPP without phytase was the least efficient compared to the other nine treatments (P < 0.05). Egg mass was significantly greater for hens supplemented with phytases A and B than for hens fed the basal diet at low (0.10%) NPP (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh units, wet shell, or dry yolk percentages. Dry shell percentage was higher among basal diets at 0.15 and 0.25% NPP in contrast to phytase, whereas albumen and dry yolk percentages were significantly higher for diets with phytase than for the basal diet at 0.10% NPP. Bone ash percentage was uncharacteristically high in hens fed 0.10% NPP without phytase; however, mortality was 22% in this group. Phytase supplementation improved Ca and P digestibilities to varying degrees. Supplementation of phytase in normal, corn-soybean meal diets improved feed intake, feed conversion, and egg mass and elicited a response in shell quality and egg components at the low (0.10%) NPP.
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PMID:Effect of supplementation of two different sources of phytase on egg production parameters in laying hens and nutrient digestiblity. 1159 6

By use of an in vitro model, the effects of NSP-degrading enzymes on the cage effect and the hydration properties were demonstrated using wheat bran. The in vitro model simulates the conditions (pH, dry matter, temperature and transit time) in the fore sections of the porcine gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) by neglecting endogenous enzyme activities. Enzyme treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in wheat bran solubility and thus resulted in improved protein and mineral release from the insoluble NSP fraction. Up to 17% protein and 40% crude ash from the insoluble NSP-fraction were dissolved after enzyme treatment. Hydrating properties of wheat bran were strongly affected by enzyme treatment and particle size. Water-binding capacity (WBC) and water-holding capacity (WHC) decreased with increasing enzyme dosage in dependence on particle size. The studies confirmed the applicability of the tested in vitro model as a useful tool for preliminary tests to estimate the effects of NSP-degrading enzymes on nutrient release and changes in some physico-chemical properties.
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PMID:Studies on the mode of action of non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP)-degrading enzymes in vitro. 2. Communication: effects on nutrient release and hydration properties. 1185 Oct 14

Three hundred, day-old broiler chicks, with an average initial weight of 41.8 +/- 1.79 g, were used in a 15-day study (10 birds per battery cage) to characterize their performance and fluorine status when dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was replaced by Busumbu rock phosphate (BRP) as the source of phosphorus in the chicks' ration. The treatments comprised a standard ration with BRP replacing 0, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of DCP. Replacing DCP with BRP significantly reduced the final weight of the chicks (p < 0.01), feed intake (p < 0.01), weight gains (p < 0.01) and dry matter digestibility (p < 0.05) but increased (p < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio. True phosphorus absorption and the percentage of phosphorus in the tibia were not affected by increasing amounts of BRP in the diet. Increasing levels of BRP in the diet linearly reduced (p < 0.01) the percentage bone ash, calcium, Ca:P ratio, ultimate breaking force, bending moment, stress, and modulus of elasticity. Leg stiffness, lameness, reduced feed intake, and a decline in general health were recorded in 10-40% of the chicks on 75% and 100% BRP, respectively. These results suggest that excessive ingestion of fluorine from the BRP caused the reduction in the chicks' performance.
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PMID:The effects of replacing dicalcium phosphate with Busumbu rock phosphate on performance and the mechanical properties of bone in growing chicks. 1216 36

High available phosphorus corn (HAP) developed using the low phytic acid 1-1 (lpal-1) allele of the corn LPA1 gene containing 0.27% P, with 0.17% nonphytate P (NPP), was compared to near isogenic normal corn (LPA1), which contained 0.23% P and 0.05% NPP. Five levels of NPP from either HAPC or normal corn (0.40, 0.35, 0.30, 0.25 and 0.20% + 300 phytase units (FTU)/kg microbial phytase) were combined in a 2 x 5 factorial experiment for a total of 10 dietary treatments. Each dietary treatment was fed to eight replicate cages with five Hy-Line W-36 hens per replicate cage from 20 to 40 wk of age. Feed consumption and egg production were not significantly affected by dietary NPP level or corn type. Feed conversion ratio (g feed:g egg mass) was improved at the 0.35% NPP level (1.856) compared to the other levels of NPP--0.40, 0.30, 0.25, and 0.20% + phytase having feed conversion ratios of 1.872, 1.905, 1.930, and 1.898, respectively. Egg weight and egg mass decreased significantly as dietary NPP decreased; diets with 0.20% NPP plus phytase had equal egg mass to the 0.35 and 0.40% NPP diets. A significant corn type x NPP interaction effect was observed for egg weight, such that within the HAP corn diets, egg weight decreased more markedly at the 0.25% NPP levels compared to the normal corn 0.25% NPP diets. Specific gravity was not affected by dietary treatment, but percent dry shell was improved at the lower AP levels and with phytase treatment. Dietary NPP level and corn type had no significant effect on bone ash. Excreta levels of total phosphorus decreased significantly as dietary NPP decreased and were lower in the HAP corn excreta compared to normal corn excreta. Total P, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn retention were significantly affected by NPP level and corn type. HAP corn reduced Ca, Zn, Cu, and Mn retention compared to normal corn; this negative effect was alleviated by phytase supplementation to HAP corn diets. HAP corn allowed less dicalcium phosphate supplementation in layer diets compared to normal corn while supporting equal egg production. Phytase supplementation of low NPP diets had no significant positive effects on egg production parameters in either corn type diets.
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PMID:High available phosphorus corn and phytase in layer diets. 1276 2

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin K (menadione) on bone quality in cage-raised broilers. Three hundred and sixty male broilers were randomly allotted to one of six treatments, with six replicate pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen. Broilers were fed one of six diets including a control diet or the control diet plus graded levels of vitamin K (0.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 32 mg/kg and 128 mg/kg). Water and feed were provided ad libitum during the 7-week experimental period. Results indicated that vitamin K supplementation of broilers diets significantly effected bone quality and feed efficiency. The treatment containing vitamin K at 8 mg/kg improved growth performance (during weeks 6-7) and bone quality (during weeks 0-3). In our study, hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin (during weeks 0-3), bone breaking strength, bone flexibility, bone ash weight increased linearly (P < 0.05) and bone mineral density, bone mineral content increased quadratically (P < 0.05) with increasing supplementation of vitamin K. In conclusion, to gain optimum bone quality and broiler performance, our studies suggest that the concentration of vitamin K in broilers diets should be 8 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg, for the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that the starter period is an important phase for improving bone quality. In addition, this study validated the mechanism of vitamin K effects on bone quality. Vitamin K boosts the carboxylation of osteocalcin and decreases the concentration of serum under-carboxylated osteocalcin enhancing hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin and improving bone quality.
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PMID:Effects of dietary vitamin K levels on bone quality in broilers. 1290 64

The relative sensitivity of tibia bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), percentage ash (ash), and shear force as indicators for dietary Ca and P was compared in 3-wk-old broiler chicks. One hundred eight 7-d-old chicks were grouped by weight into 6 blocks of 3 cages each with 6 birds per cage. Three corn-soybean meal-based diets were randomly assigned to cages within each block. The diets were low P, medium P, and adequate P and were formulated to contain 4.0, 5.1, and 7.8 g of total P/kg feed, respectively; and 5.1, 6.7, and 10.0 g of Ca/kg feed, respectively. The chicks were fed the experimental diets for 14 d. On d 22, chicks were killed, and tibiae were removed from 3 birds/cage. Weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, BMC, BMD, shear force, and ash were determined. The BMC and BMD were determined using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Correlations among the various bone status variables and dietary Ca and P were determined. Growth performance criteria and ash increased linearly, and BMC and BMD increased linearly and quadratically as dietary concentrations of Ca and P increased. The correlation coefficient between dietary Ca and BMC, BMD, shear force, or ash was 0.89, 0.91, 0.50, or 0.89, respectively; and between dietary P and BMC, BMD, shear force, or ash was 0.88, 0.91, 0.48, or 0.89, respectively. The correlation coefficient between ash and BMC, BMD, or shear force was 0.92, 0.93, or 0.67, respectively. The correlation coefficients for linear regression between shear force and BMC or BMD was 0.56. The regression model for predicting percentage ash using BMD was as follows: percentage ash = 24 + (240 x BMD) with an r2 of 86%. It is concluded that in broiler chicks, tibia ash, BMC, and BMD may be more sensitive than shear force as indicators of dietary Ca and P concentrations and that BMD as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry may be used to predict percentage of tibia ash.
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PMID:Bone densitometry as an indicator of percentage tibia ash in broiler chicks fed varying dietary calcium and phosphorus levels. 1465 74


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