Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The expression and activity of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN; the sole enzyme capable of the reductive de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate -NADPH-) is extremely low in nearly all nonmalignant adult tissues, whereas it is significantly up-regulated or activated in many cancer types, thus creating the potential for a large therapeutic index. Since the pioneering observation that inhibition of FASN activity by the mycotoxin cerulenin preferentially kills cancer cells and retards the growth of tumors in xenografts models, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed the potential of FASN as a target for antineoplastic intervention. Other FASN inhibitors such as the cerulenin derivative C75, the beta-lactone orlistat, the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and other naturally occurring flavonoids (i.e., luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol), as well as the antibiotic triclosan, have been identified and have been shown to limit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptotic cell death. Though the exact mode of action of these FASN inhibitors is under discussion, it has been revealed that depletion of end-product fatty acids, toxic intracellular accumulation of supra-physiological concentrations of the FASN substrate malonyl-CoA and/or limited membrane synthesis and/or functioning by altered production of phospholipids partitioning into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (lipid raft-aggregates), can explain, at least in part, the cytostatic, cytotoxic as well as the apoptotic effects occurring upon pharmacological inhibition of FASN activity in cancer cells. Moreover, several cancer-associated molecular features including nonfunctioning p53, overexpression of the Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene, and hyperactivation of the PI-3'K down-stream effector protein kinase B (AKT), appear to determine an exacerbated sensitivity to FASN inhibition-induced cancer cell death. Although few of these inhibitors are expected to be "exclusively" selective for FASN, the potential of FASN as a target for antineoplastic intervention has eventually been confirmed by RNA interference (RNAi)-knockdown of FASN. Certainly, future studies should definitely elucidate the ultimate biochemical link between FASN inhibition and cancer cell death. Although the combination of FASN structural complexity and until recently the lack of X-ray crystallography data of mammalian FASN created a significant challenge in the exploitation of FASN as a valuable target for drug development, it is hoped that the improvement in the selectivity and potency of forthcoming novel FASN-targeted small molecule inhibitors by taking advantage, for instance, of the recent 4.5 A resolution X-ray crystallographic map of mammalian FASN, will direct the foundation of a new family of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer history.
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PMID:Pharmacological inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)--catalyzed endogenous fatty acid biogenesis: a new family of anti-cancer agents? 1716 65

Molecular links between apoptosis, tumorigenesis and drug resistance provide starting points for new therapeutic approaches and for a targeted cancer therapy. The discovery of the p53-related genes p63 and p73 raised the possibility that they may be cancer-associated genes and as a consequence that p53 is not the only component in predicting prognosis and response to chemotherapy, but instead the status of a network that contains p53, p73 and p63. This review focuses on the status and interrelationship of the p53 family members in human cancer as critical elements for tumor progression and response to therapy. Literature up to December 2006 is reviewed. p63 and p73--as well as p53--each use multiple promoters and alternative splicing to generate an array of isoforms, including full-length isoforms with a transactivation (TA-) domain homologous to that of full-length p53, and amino-terminally truncated (DeltaN-) isoforms. Whereas the full-length TA isoforms of p63 and p73 can activate downstream target genes and induce apoptosis, the DeltaN isoforms which lack the transactivation domain can act as dominant inhibitors of the full-length forms of p53, p63 and p73, inhibiting transactivation of target genes and induction of apoptosis. Deregulated dominant negative p63 and p73 isoforms play an oncogenic role in human cancer and contribute to chemoresistance. Thus, therapeutic modulation of TAp63/DeltaNp63, TAp73/DeltaNp73 and mutant p53 levels might be used to target the large percentage of human tumors that harbor p53 mutations and/or overexpress DeltaNp63 or DeltaNp73. Interfering with the expression or function of DeltaNp63 and/or DeltaNp73 and/or mutant p53 in tumor cells may render such tumors more responsive to therapy and reduce their aggressiveness and metastatic capacity.
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PMID:One, two, three--p53, p63, p73 and chemosensitivity. 1728 42

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3E10 Fv antibody-mediated p53 protein therapy, an Fv-p53 fusion protein produced in Pichia pastoris was tested on CT26.CL25 colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of colon cancer metastasis to the liver. In vitro experiments showed killing of CT26.CL25 cells by Fv-p53 but not Fv or p53 alone, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that Fv was required for transport of p53 into cells. Prevention of liver metastasis in vivo was tested by splenic injection of 100 nmol/L Fv-p53 10 min and 1 week after injection of CT26.CL25 cancer cells into the portal vein of BALB/c mice. Mice were sacrificed 1 week after the second injection of Fv-p53 and assigned a quantitative metastasis score. Control mice had an average metastasis score of 3.3 +/- 1.3, whereas mice treated with Fv-p53 had an average metastasis score of 0.8 +/- 0.4 (P = 0.004). These results indicate that Fv-p53 treatment had a profound effect on liver metastasis and represent the first demonstration of effective full-length p53 protein therapy in vivo. mAb 3E10 Fv has significant clinical potential as a mediator of intracellular and intranuclear delivery of p53 for prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis.
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PMID:Antibody-mediated p53 protein therapy prevents liver metastasis in vivo. 1730 19

Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer associated death cause worldwide. Several factors have been associated with higher risk to develop gastric cancer, among them genetic predisposition. The p53 gene has a polymorphism located at codon 72. which has been associated with higher risk of several types of cancer, including gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the association of p53, codon 72 polymorphism. with the risk of gastric cancer and pre-malignant lesions in a high-risk population from Costa Rica. The genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP in 58 gastric cancer patients, 99 controls and 41 individuals classified as group I or II. according to the Japanese histological classification. No association was found for p53. codon 72 polymorphism with neither the risk of gastric cancer nor the risk of less severe gastric lesions in the studied population. Based on this study and taking into account other studies carried out with p53, codon 72 polymorphism. the role of this polymorphismn in the development of gastric cancer remains unclear. De novo mutations on p53 gene produced during neoplasic development of this disease might play a greater role than germinal polymorphisms of the gene. Other polymorphic genes have been associated with higher risk to develop gastric cancer.
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PMID:[Association of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism to gastric cancer risk in a hight risk population of Costa Rica]. 1735 42

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor are very frequent in human cancer. Often, such mutations lead to the constitutive overproduction of mutant p53 proteins, which may exert a cancer-promoting gain of function. We now report that cancer-associated mutant p53 can augment the induction of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) transcriptional activity in response to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Conversely, down-regulation of endogenous mutant p53 sensitizes cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of TNFalpha. Analysis of human head and neck tumors and lung tumors reveals a close correlation between the presence of abundant mutant p53 proteins and the constitutive activation of NFkappaB. Together, these findings suggest that p53 mutations may promote cancer progression by augmenting NFkappaB activation in the context of chronic inflammation.
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PMID:Mutant p53 enhances nuclear factor kappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha in cancer cells. 2633 8

We analysed the biologic properties of a small cell lung carcinoma cell line (designated KK0206) established from a patient with SCLC who had cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR). Morphological and immunohistochemical studies showed that KK0206 cells have features of the classic type of SCLC. KK0206 cells grew in suspension, forming relatively small clumps of cells with a doubling time of 72 h. On light microscopy, the cells were relatively small with little cytoplasm. On immunohistochemistry using anti-bovine recoverin rabbit antibody, the cells were intensely positive for recoverin. In addition, they were positive for NSE, Ki-67, and TP53. They also expressed human recoverin, a photoreceptor protein, whose presence was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis with cDNA sequencing and Western blot analysis. The point mutation of their TP53 gene (exon 156) was detected as well. The present study demonstrates that human recoverin is expressed in SCLC cells cultured from an anti-recoverin antibody-negative patient with CAR. KK0206 might be important for further research on SCLC related retinopathy.
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PMID:Establishment of a novel small cell lung carcinoma cell line with specific recoverin expression from a patient with cancer-associated retinopathy. 1737 19

CDKN2A (encodes p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF)) deletion, which results in both Rb and p53 inactivation, is the most common chromosomal anomaly in human cancers. To precisely map the deletion breakpoints is important to understanding the molecular mechanism of genomic rearrangement and may also be useful for clinical applications. However, current methods for determining the breakpoint are either of low resolution or require the isolation of relatively pure cancer cells, which can be difficult for clinical samples that are typically contaminated with various amounts of normal host cells. To overcome this hurdle, we have developed a novel approach, designated Primer Approximation Multiplex PCR (PAMP), for enriching breakpoint sequences followed by genomic tiling array hybridization to locate the breakpoints. In a series of proof-of-concept experiments, we were able to identify cancer-derived CDKN2A genomic breakpoints when more than 99.9% of wild type genome was present in a model system. This design can be scaled up with bioinformatics support and can be applied to validate other candidate cancer-associated loci that are revealed by other more systemic but lower throughput assays.
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PMID:A novel approach for determining cancer genomic breakpoints in the presence of normal DNA. 1744 Jun 16

Morphologic, clinical, and genetic evidence suggests that pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) is a precursor to ductal adenocarcinoma. But understanding precursor lesions in a pancreas with existing tumor is hampered by the fact that chronic pancreatitis often accompanies carcinoma, and the possible interactions between tumor, chronic pancreatitis, and PanIN are complex. Furthermore, cancerization of ducts can mimic high-grade PanIN. Heterotopic pancreas has a genetic make-up, physiologic function, and local environmental exposure similar to that of the pancreas. It offers an opportunity to study putative precursor lesions in a setting with fewer confounding factors. We identified 6 pancreatic cancer patients who had heterotopic pancreas removed at the time of surgery. All 6 cases were immunostained for p53, cyclin D1, and p16. Molecular analysis of K-ras mutation was also done. All 6 cancer-associated heterotopias had PanIN-1A or 1B; 5 had PanIN-2 and 1 had PanIN-3. Three of 6 cases harbored the same K-ras codon 12 mutation as the PanINs in orthotopic pancreas, and a similar pattern of p53, cyclin D1, and p16 expression was observed between heterotopic and orthotopic pancreas in all 6 cases. There was no chronic pancreatitis in the cancer-associated heterotopias, but chronic pancreatitis was seen adjacent to carcinoma in 5 of 6 cases. The presence of PanIN in heterotopic pancreas from patients with ductal adenocarcinoma supports the progression model.
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PMID:Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in heterotopic pancreas: evidence for the progression model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 1766 42

An international symposium, held in Zagreb, Croatia, in October 2006, brought together basic scientists and clinical investigators engaged in research on endemic (Balkan) nephropathy, a chronic renal tubulointerstitial disease of previously unknown cause that often is accompanied by upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. Although this disease is endemic in rural areas of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia, a similar clinical entity occurs throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent advances in the understanding of endemic nephropathy now favor the causative role of aristolochic acid over the ubiquitous mycotoxin known as ochratoxin A. Specifically, aristolactam-DNA adducts have been found in renal tissues and urothelial cancers of affected patients. A "signature" p53 mutation in the upper urothelial cancer associated with this disease provides evidence of long-term exposure to aristolochic acid. In addition, the renal pathophysiology and histopathology observed in endemic nephropathy most closely resemble the entity known as aristolochic acid nephropathy. Public health authorities in countries harboring this disease are encouraged to reduce the potential for dietary exposure to Aristolochia clematitis.
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PMID:Role of environmental toxins in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. October 2006, Zagreb, Croatia. 1794 51

To determine ancestral allele in possible cancer-associated polymorphisms, DNA samples from 10 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were sequenced for alleles corresponding to 17 polymorphisms: 8 short tandem repeats [IL1RN (alias IL-1RA) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR); TYMS (previously TS) VNTR; AR CAG repeat; dinucleotide repeats of UGT1A1, IGF1, IFNG (alias IFN-gamma), ESR1 (alias ER-alpha), and EGFR] and 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (MMP1-1607 1G/2G, MMP3-1171 5A/6A, OGG1 Ser326Cys, ALDH2 Gly487Lys, TP53 Arg72Pro, ABCG2 Gln141Lys, MGMT Leu84Phe, SOD2 Ala-9Val, and MTHFR Ala222Val). No chimpanzee polymorphism corresponded to human IL1RN VNTR; the ancestral allele was a repeat lost in humans. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms of IGF1, IFNG, ESR1, and EGFR were shared by chimpanzees, but the length of repeats tended to be longer in humans than in chimpanzees. This tendency was particularly evident for IGF1. All of the SNPs tested are human-specific nucleotide changes. The ancestral allele 7A was shown to be lost in MMP3-1171 5A/6A. Thus, all of the possible cancer-associated polymorphisms tested have human-specific alleles, and the ancestral allele is lost in three polymorphisms (IL1RN VNTR, UGT1A1 CA repeat, and MMP3-1171 5A/6A), suggesting a possible involvement of human-specific alleles in cancer susceptibility.
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PMID:Determination of ancestral allele for possible human cancer-associated polymorphisms. 1806 29


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