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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Females of Anopheles gambiae s. lat., most of which would have been A. gambiae s. str., were collected from houses in coastal Kenya and tested for their oviposition preferences using Petri dishes in large laboratory cages with lighting equivalent to weak moonlight. Significantly more eggs were laid overnight in water over black than over paler tones, and this difference increased as contrast with the surrounding floor was increased. Direct observation revealed that over white targets, females oviposited from a settled posture, whereas over black targets they did so from flight. The influence on this behaviour of target darkness (tone) overrode that of cage size or target size. In tests which yielded markedly fewer eggs in sea water than in tap water, no significant difference was detected when cage floors were either black or white, although a black floor might have resulted in significantly greater discrimination against sea water had more tests been conducted. All further testing was done over black cage floors. Turbid water from a natural development site received more eggs than distilled, tap or swamp water, even though the turbid water appeared paler than the others. The females did not discriminate between rearing water and tap water, or tap water with and without pupae, but the presence of larvae was repellent. Turbid water from a development site thus seemed to possess an arrestant property which overrode selection favouring darker targets, and which was not derived from prior presence of conspecific immatures. It is suggested that for A. gambiae, oviposition from a settled posture is a response to sub-optimal stimuli, possibly indicating conditions under which oviposition would not occur in nature, and hence why cage experiments using white targets have in the past yielded confusing results.
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PMID:Oviposition by African malaria vector mosquitoes. II. Effects of site tone, water type and conspecific immatures on target selection by freshwater Anopheles gambiae Giles, sensu lato. 648 37

The effect of the azapirone derivative ipsapirone on anxiety and the free-choice consumption of alcohol was studied in male rats. Animals were housed three in a cage with a different composition each day to increase anxiety. The animals were offered a two-bottle free choice consumption of tap water or a 5% ethanol solution. Ipsapirone was given in the drinking fluid daily at about 10 mg/kg per day. As expected, social unstable groups exhibited a higher level of anxiety as compared to social stable groups. Ipsapirone reduced significantly the anxiety in the unstable group. Pretreatment with ipsapirone before alcohol exposure resulted in a marked decrease of subsequent ethanol intake by about 45% as compared to drug free control animals. Administration of the drug to rats already drinking alcohol showed a similar decrease of ethanol intake by about 50%. These results indicate that the relatively specific 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone, given orally, reduces anxiety as well as alcohol initiation or maintenance in rats.
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PMID:Influence of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone on voluntary alcohol intake in rats. 781

1. To examine whether the hyperdipsic response to chronic administration of d,l-amphetamine (AMPH) is associated with modification of salt appetite, rats were allowed to choose between tap water and a 1.7% NaCl solution. 2. Under AMPH rats preferred water to saline throughout the experiment. 3. By testing rats in a distinct test cage environmental influences on AMPH-mediated hyperdipsia were also evaluated. 4. In the test cage hyperdipsia was suppressed, but preference for tap water was preserved. 5. Finally, the role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the drinking response to AMPH was evaluated by studying the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on water intake. 6. We conclude that AMPH-induced preference for tap water over saline is unrelated to hyperdipsia but, being also induced by yohimbine, it may depend on noradrenergic mechanisms.
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PMID:Physiological and environmental aspects of drinking stimulated by chronic exposure to amphetamine in rats. 802 15

We recently conducted an experiment to investigate the possible cooperation between genetic makeup and differential housing on cocaine self-administration in male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Cocaine self-selection was measured in a two-choice test with one choice being cocaine-HCl solution of 40 mg% in tap water and the other choice being plain tap water. Housing conditions began at weaning (21-23 days of age) and consisted of group housed (GH) with 2-3 mice per cage, and isolated housed (IH) with 1 mouse per cage. The results of this study revealed overall strain, sex and housing differences, with C57BL/6Js consuming more cocaine solution than DBA/2J subjects, females consuming more cocaine solution than males, and group housed consuming more than isolate housed subjects. In a second study, the effect of differential housing on open-field locomotor activity was investigated. Testing was conducted on two consecutive days, with subjects receiving an IP injection of saline on day 1, and 15 mg/kg cocaine HCl on day 2. Four behaviors were recorded, including: total distance, nosepokes, stereotypy, and margin time. Overall, the results revealed significant strain differences for stereotypy and nosepokes, and males were found to be more activated by cocaine than females. Additionally, DBA males tended to be differentially affected by housing condition, with IH showing suppressed locomotor activity as compared to GH subjects. Last, significant strain by housing interactions occurred in nosepokes and stereotypy time.
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PMID:Strain and housing affect cocaine self-selection and open-field locomotor activity in mice. 841 29

The effect of bromocriptine (BRO), a D2 receptor agonist, on chronic oral ethanol (ETOH) self-administration was tested in a home-cage environment. Male Wistar rats (n = 77) were food deprived for 24 h. Then, a period of 15 days of limited-access (1 h/day) to food and to a sweetened ETOH solution was started [3% w/v of glucose and several concentrations of ETOH depending upon the group: 0% (control group). 1.5%, 5% or 10% v/v]. Later, another period started in which rats were maintained in a free-choice, two-bottle situation with food, tap-water and the sweetened solution available for 24 h/day, for 14 days. Following this period, BRO (5 mg/kg, SC) was administered, once daily, for 5 days, in the same continuous free-access conditions. ETOH consumption was also studied for 4 days after the last BRO injection. BRO increased ETOH self-administration throughout the 5-day period, regardless of the ETOH concentration available, in the rats with previous higher ETOH intake, without effect in the control animals. In the control rats, water intake was increased, whereas in the group that had access to the lowest ETOH concentration a decrease in water consumption was found. The enhanced ETOH drinking was maintained after BRO treatment for the animals with previous higher ETOH intake. BRO effects on water consumption were also maintained. These data suggest that BRO can potentiate ETOH intake and provide further support for the role of dopamine (DA) systems in mediating volitional oral intake of ETOH.
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PMID:Effects of bromocriptine on self-administration of sweetened ethanol solutions in rats. 894 5

Male white rats were given with drinking water detergents: sodium alkylbenzenosulphonate /ABSNa/S/ and Rokamid MRZ 17, Group I/control/received tap water. Groups II, III and IV were given ABSNa/S in doses of 2, 6 or 18 mg/l of water, and groups V, VI and VII were given Rokamid MRZ 17 in the same concentrations. After 10 months of exposure to these detergents haematological tests were done: haemoglobin level, haematocrit value and clotting time; biochemical investigations included blood cholinesterase activity, bilirubin and cholesterol levels in plasma. Then memory potential was tested by teaching the rats differentiation and memorizing of visual stimuli in a cage specially adapted for that purpose. On the ground of the obtained results it can be said that in the groups receiving Rokamid MRZ 17 in 18 mg/l concentration and ABSNa/S 6 and 18 mg/l the median survival was decreased by over ten per cent, and blood clotting time was prolonged in relation to the control group. The results of conditioning tests showed that the highest concentration of Rokamid MRZ 17 produced memory impairment in this group.
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PMID:[Chronic toxic effects of surface-active substances varying in chemical structure]. 906 37

An oral combination of piperazine and ivermectin was used over a 6-week period for treating three different colonies of mice or rats infested with Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris or Aspiculuris tetraptera. No acute toxic effect was found in transgenic lines of mice or rats with these products in a preliminary trial. The colonies were treated with piperazine, 2.1 mg/ml in tap water for 2 weeks, then with ivermectin, 0.007 mg/ml, in tap water for the third and fourth weeks, and finally with piperazine for two further weeks. Hygiene measures such as a complete cage change, thorough disinfection and cleaning of the rooms were associated with the treatment. All examinations subsequent to completion of treatment have proved negative for further parasites.
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PMID:Effective eradication of pinworms (Syphaciamuris, Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera) from a rodent breeding colony by oral anthelmintic therapy. 971 83

The selectively bred alcohol-preferring and alcohol-non-preferring lines of rats have been used to study the biology of alcohol abuse and dependence. In our laboratory new lines of Wistar rats have been selectively outbread for 7 years and 19 generations for high and low ethanol intake (WHP--Warsaw High Preferring) and WLP--Warsaw Low Preferring respectively). After the first selection procedure, the highest scoring females and males were used initiate upward selection, while the lowest scoring pairs were used to initiate downward selection. Mated pairs were housed in breeding cages, pups were allowed to nurse for 3 weeks before weaning, then the pups of each litter were culled to the same-sex cage and allowed to mature until they were subjected to the selection procedure. In order to determine the alcohol intake and preference, the rats were individually housed in wire cages containing two graduated drinking tubes mounted at the front. During the entire investigation, the subjects had free access to standard lab chow (Bacutil, Poland). Ethanol solution was prepared from 95% stock ethanol and tap water. The animals were presented with 10% ethanol solution and water (two-bottle choice test). The drinking tubes were rotated daily to prevent position preference. Alcohol intake was calculated as average g/kg/day (absolute ethanol) while alcohol preference (in %) was calculated as the amount of alcohol consumed/total fluid x 100. Our results (17-19 generations) have shown that mean alcohol intake in WHP rats was higher than 5.0 g/kg/24 h ethanol, while WLP rats generally consumed less than 2.0 g/kg/24 h ethanol. Our results also showed that the total fluid intake in WHP rats slightly but not significantly higher as compared with WLP rats. Maximal ethanol consumption (in both lines) occurred during the natural dark phase three bungs (19.00-20.00 hrs, 23.00-02.00 hrs and 04.00-05.00 hrs). Interestingly, the intakes of high concentrations of sucrose and saccharin solutions were significantly higher in WHP than in WLP rats. Furthermore, the WHP rats reduced their alcohol and water intakes in the presence of 10% sucrose solution. Thus, it appears that high consumption of sweets may be a neurobiological factor promoting increased ethanol intake by WHP rats.
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PMID:Animal model of ethanol abuse: rats selectively bred for high and low voluntary alcohol intake. 1129 78

We quantitatively investigated the change in nitric oxide (NO) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and its effect on cardiovascular regulation during shaker stress (SS) using brain microdialysis in awake rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.7 g/L) or tap water for 2 weeks. Two days after implantation of an arterial catheter and guide shaft, a microdialysis probe was placed to perfuse the PVN with degassed Ringer solution at 2 microl/min in awake normotensive Wistar (CONTROL) and chronic L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats. After the rat was placed in a plastic cage set on a shaker, the blood pressure and heart rate was monitored and 10-min SS was loaded at a frequency of 200 cycles/min. Dialysate samples were analyzed by NO analyzer (based on the Griess reaction) every 10 min, and NOx (NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-)) was measured. Plasma NOx was also measured before and after SS. Pressor responses elicited by SS were significantly greater in L-NAME-treated rats than in the CONTROL. Although NOx in the PVN dialysate were increased by SS in the CONTROL, these responses were attenuated in chronic L-NAME-treated rats. Resting plasma NOx were higher in the CONTROL than in L-NAME-treated rats. SS elicited no difference between two groups in plasma NOx. These results indicated that NO within the PVN, but not in systemic circulation, may play a role on the attenuation of the pressor responses elicited by SS. The dysfunction of NO release within the PVN may, in part, play a role in the exaggerated pressor responses in acute environmental stress.
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PMID:The role of the hypothalamic nitric oxide in the pressor responses elicited by acute environmental stress in awake rats. 1212 63

Because of intrinsic differences between humans and mice, no single mouse model can represent all features of a complex human trait such as alcoholism. It is therefore necessary to develop partial models. One important feature is drinking to the point where blood ethanol concentration (BEC) reaches levels that have measurable affects on physiology and/or behavior (>1.0 mg ethanol/ml blood). Most models currently in use examine relative oral self-administration from a bottle containing alcohol versus one containing water (two-bottle preference drinking), or oral operant self-administration. In these procedures, it is not clear when or if the animals drink to pharmacologically significant levels because the drinking is episodic and often occurs over a 24-h period. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal parameters and evaluate the reliability of a very simple procedure, taking advantage of a mouse genotype (C57BL/6J) that is known to drink large quantities of ethanol. We exchanged for the water bottle a solution containing ethanol in tap water for a limited period, early in the dark cycle, in the home cage. Mice regularly drank sufficient ethanol to achieve BEC>1.0 mg ethanol/ml blood. The concentration of ethanol offered (10%, 20% or 30%) did not affect consumption in g ethanol/kg body weight. The highest average BEC ( approximately 1.6 mg/ml) occurred when the water-to-ethanol switch occurred 3 h into the dark cycle, and when the ethanol was offered for 4 rather than 2 h. Ethanol consumption was consistent within individual mice, and reliably predicted BEC after the period of ethanol access. C57BL/6J mice from three sources provided equivalent data, while DBA/2J mice drank much less than C57BL/6J in this test. We discuss advantages of the model for high-throughput screening assays where the goal is to find other genotypes of mice that drink excessively, or to screen drugs for their efficacy in blocking excessive drinking.
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PMID:Evaluation of a simple model of ethanol drinking to intoxication in C57BL/6J mice. 1564 7


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