Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mice were housed in a cage with a maze. A water tap was placed at the entrance of the maze. The exit of the maze connected with another cage (home cage). Food was placed in the home cage. Three different multiple mazes (types 1-3) were placed. 1) Mice were housed for 10 h a day in the apparatus and then removed to a normal cage for fasting. One trial per day was carried out after fasting for 13 h. In each trial, a mouse was put at the entrance of the maze and then the number of errors and the time till it reached the home cage was counted. Mice reached a learning criterion at Trial 2. 2) Administering scopolamine (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) 30 min before Trial four disturbed the maze work dose dependently in a type 3 maze, the most complex maze among the three, but did not in type 1 and 2 mazes. 3) Administering scopolamine (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) 30 min before Trial 11 to the mouse of the type 3 maze did not disturb the maze work. These results show that a mouse housed in a cage with a maze learns the maze without explicit training and scopolamine can differentially effect performance based upon the degree of training.
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PMID:Mice housed in a cage with a maze learn the maze without explicit training. 152 33

Chlordiazepoxide (21.5 mg/l; 5 mg/kg daily), buspirone (12.8 g/l; 3.4 mg/kg daily) and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, BRL 46470, (40 micrograms/l; 10 micrograms/kg daily) were each given in the drinking fluid for 12-14 days to adult male CD1 mice. Controls received tap water. Effects of the treatments on behaviour during 5 min social encounters with untreated partners were examined by ethological procedures in an aversive and less aversive situation, an unfamiliar neutral cage and the home cage. In the neutral cage all compounds increased the occurrence of the social act, "nose" and enhanced digging of the unfamiliar sawdust, at the expense of exploration. In the home cage, all compounds increased social investigation and reduced non-social activity. The drug BRL 46470 evoked more marked effects on behaviour than did buspirone or chlordiazepoxide and in the neutral cage it enhanced some acts of aggression. These results show that all compounds increased reactivity to normal social and environmental stimuli, in addition to their anxiolytic profile of behavioural effects.
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PMID:Effects of sub-chronic treatment with chlordiazepoxide, buspirone and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, BRL 46470, on the social behaviour of mice. 163 May 89

Buspirone (12.8 mg/l; 2.3-2.6 mg/kg daily) and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, BRL 43694 (granisetron) (40 micrograms/l; 10 micrograms/kg daily), were each given in drinking fluid to male and female DBA/2 mice for 5-10 days. Controls received tap water. Effects on behaviour were examined by ethological procedures during 5 min encounters with unfamiliar BKW partners. One group of DBA/2 males acted as intruders in a resident-intruder paradigm and another group encountered oestrous females in a neutral cage. The DBA/2 females each encountered a group-housed male in a neutral cage. Both buspirone and BRL 43694 decreased flight in females and increased the duration of their active social investigation. In females, BRL 43694 also reduced the occurrence of "scan" and prolonged the bout length of exploration. In male mice, buspirone increased social investigation, including the specific elements "sniff" and "follow" in encounters with female partners, but its only effect on behaviour during encounters with isolated resident males, was to decrease duration of the element, "attend". In males, BRL 43694 did not significantly affect behaviour in heterosexual encounters and had only a slight effect on behaviour during encounters with resident males, decreasing the occurrence of "eat". Overall, these results suggest that records of effects of drugs on flight responses of female mice, in encounters with male partners, may provide a sensitive index of the anxiolytic profile of novel compounds.
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PMID:An ethological study of the effects of buspirone and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, BRL 43694 (granisetron) on behaviour during social interactions in female and male mice. 164 17

The apparatus consists of a home cage, a maze cage and a starting box. A maze with four right-middle-left decisions was placed in the maze cage. The starting box was attached and a water tap was placed at an area corresponding to the entrance of the maze. The exit of the maze and the home cage are connected with a tunnel. Food was placed in the home cage. 1) Mice were housed for 10 hr a day in the apparatus and then removed to another cage for fasting. One trial a day was carried out after fasting for more than 12 hr. In each trial, a mouse was put at the starting box, and then the number of errors (entering a blind alley) and the time until the mouse reached the home cage were counted. The mouse passed through the maze with a small number of errors and time. 2) Administration of scopolamine (0.125-0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to a mouse that had mastered the maze transiently disturbed the maze performance dose-dependently. 3) Mice were housed for 4 hr a day. Scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either before or after the housing. Scopolamine disturbed the maze performance in the case of both procedures. These results suggest that the method is useful for estimating the memory in mice.
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PMID:[A simple multiple maze test to estimate learning and memory in mice: application to the effect of scopolamine on learning and memory]. 180 13

The effects of three early ethanol home cage consumption procedures on the maintenance of operant lever responding reinforced by ethanol presentation were examined in the rat. Two groups of rats, 25 and 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% (v/v) ethanol as the only fluid in the home cage for 3 or 10 days. A third group, 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% ethanol or tap water for 24 h, with the fluid alternating daily for 18 days. All animals were subsequently trained to lever press using 10% ethanol reinforcement under a decreasing water restriction schedule. All three groups were found to have substantial ethanol consumption levels during the initial exposure in the home cage, ranging from 11.2 to 11.9 g/kg/day. The animals were all successfully trained to lever press in the operant chamber with ethanol as the reinforcer when limited to 15 ml/day of water in the home cage. The average number of reinforcements per day ranged from 29 to 43.5, yielding ethanol intakes from 1.06 to 1.97 g/kg in the 30-minute operant session. However, when 50 ml/day of water was available in the home cage, ethanol reinforcements were substantially reduced, with intakes which ranged from 0.14 to 0.18 g/kg/day. The data suggest that early exposure does not enhance ethanol's reinforcing properties later in the animal's life. These results were discussed in terms the effect of early ethanol exposure on later ethanol consumption and the role of ethanol initiation procedures in oral self-administration.
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PMID:The influence of early postweaning ethanol exposure on oral self-administration behavior in the rat. 206 93

A 21 week experiment was conducted with male SPF Ico/Shoe: WIST rats to study the influence on diagnostic parameters of toxicological studies of (i) acidification of drinking water by hydrochloric acid (untreated tap water vs. pH 3 vs. pH 2), (ii) individual vs. group caging (5 animals/cage), and (iii) ad libitum vs. 10 ml restrictive water supply. Acidification to pH 2 resulted in a slightly but significantly reduced excretion of phenol red, lowered proteinuria and a decreased urine volume, whereas all other parameters remained unchanged. Individual caging was less stressful than expected from published data. Red blood cell counts were increased, water consumption and urine volume were somewhat lowered, but stress-sensitive parameters like adrenal weight, leucocyte and lymphocyte counts were not altered. A 10 ml restrictive water supply decreased urine volume, food consumption, body weight development and organ weights. Furthermore transient increases in red blood cell counts and hemoglobin contents, leucopenia and--most important--an impaired renal function were observed. In conclusion acidification of drinking water with hydrochloric acid should not be lower than pH 3, male Ico/Shoe: WIST rats can be regarded as minimum susceptible to individual caging, and reduced water intake might give false positive nephrotoxic effects.
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PMID:Effects of drinking water acidification, restriction of water supply and individual caging on parameters of toxicological studies in rats. 252 65

Rats were exposed ad libitum to a diet containing either 500 ppm lead (Group Lead-Diet) or a control diet with no added lead (Group Control-Diet). On Day 60 both groups were presented with a 15% ethanol solution (nonchoice test) in the home cage for five days prior to placement on a choice test that presented animals with a 10% ethanol solution and tap water. Concurrently with the choice test in the home cage, animals were placed in operant chambers for one hr (pre-avoidance) prior to a 30 min free operant avoidance session (avoidance) and remained there for one hr (post-avoidance) after training. Throughout avoidance training, the choice test was conducted in the chamber as well as the home cage. In addition to evidence of greater ethanol consumption by Group Lead-Diet rats, the results showed that these animals lever pressed more frequently, but not more efficiently, than Group Control-Diet animals.
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PMID:Ethanol consumption and free operant avoidance performance following exposure to dietary lead. 344 19

Rats were maintained on an ad lib diet containing 100 ppm cadmium (Group Cadmium-Diet) or a control diet with no added cadmium (Group Control-Diet). After 55 days of exposure to their respective diets, animals were tested for fluid intake using a nonchoice procedure that presented a 15% ethanol solution in the home cage for 5 days. Subsequently, all animals were offered a 10% ethanol solution or tap water in a 3-bottle, 2-fluid choice test in the home cage. This fluid intake test was conducted for a 5 day baseline period, and then again concurrently with avoidance acquisition (14 days) and extinction (4 days) training on a free operant (Sidman) avoidance task that required animals to lever press to avoid electric footshock. After training was terminated the choice test was continued further in the home cage for a 15 day post-avoidance period. Ethanol intake was greater for animals exposed to cadmium on all tests of fluid consumption, and all animals consumed more ethanol during the periods following termination of the stressor (avoidance extinction, post-avoidance) than during the actual period of stress (avoidance acquisition). Interpretive comments focus on the effects of cadmium on stress reactivity, sensory processing, and metabolism.
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PMID:Ethanol self-administration in rats following exposure to dietary cadmium. 369 4

A 20 cm length of the main mesenteric lymph duct in the sheep was cannulated at both ends and measurements were made in both conscious and anaesthetized animals of the ability of the duct to pump saline from an inflow reservoir to an outflow at the same height. Fluid was propelled only when the lymphatic contracted and this was unaffected by movements of the animal round the cage or by fluctuations in abdominal pressure or by respiratory movements. It was confirmed that the mesenteric duct was 'isolated' from the rest of the lymphatic system by closing the inflow tap whereupon fluid propulsion ceased. Raising transmural pressure by varying inflow and outflow by the same amount had the effect of increasing fluid output; this was achieved by an increase in both the frequency and force of lymphatic contractions. Lymphatic frequency of contraction and fluid output increased when the animals were frightened. Intravenous infusions of noradrenaline increased the frequency of lymphatic contraction and increased fluid propulsion, while isoprenaline infusions depressed flow. This preparation demonstrates that it is possible to study the control of lymphatic pumping in conscious sheep without the complication of changing rates of lymph formation.
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PMID:A method for studying lymphatic pumping activity in conscious and anaesthetized sheep. 379 1

Mice were maintained under standard conditions, or treated with lead from birth, until they were approximately 40 d of age. At that time the lead solution was replaced with tap water and all animals were gastrointestinally intubated with either the parasite Toxocara canis or normal saline. At 2-5 wk following intubation the behavioral effects of T. canis in combination with the prior history of lead ingestion were compared to those produced by administration of either T. canis or lead alone or a single saline intubation. Differential group activity scores (cage crosses and standups) in response to changes in the home-cage environment during testing sessions were observed. While the addition of a second tier to the home cage during testing resulted in increased activity scores for all groups, changing the home-cage bedding produced increased activity only in the T. canis alone or prior lead ingestion alone groups. However, there were no differences in the number of parasite larvae found in fresh brain tissue preparations in either the T. canis alone or T. canis plus lead-history combination groups.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of early lead exposure and subsequent toxocariasis in mice. 407 36


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