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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have studied the respiratory compensation for elastic loads in 15 term and preterm infants. Elastic loads, approximately equal to the infant's effective elastance, were applied to the airway for five breaths while tidal volume and mask pressure were monitored. Motion of the rib cage and abdomen were monitored simultaneously with magnetometers. The studies were done both in active or REM sleep and in quiet or non-REM sleep. During quiet sleep the load immediately reduced the tidal volume by about 50% but a progressive increase in tidal volume occurred over the next four loaded breaths. During active sleep load compensation was disorganized with respect to both tidal volume and frequency, and compensation was significantly less. Active sleep was also characterized by marked rib cage distortion. We suggest that during active sleep there is tonic inhibition of the intercostal muscles, allowing the diaphragm to distort the rib cage. This distortion impairs load compensation by a direct mechanical effect and indirectly by initiating an intercostal-phrenic reflex.
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PMID:Respiratory load compensation in infants. 17 72

We have studied two groups of eight preterm infants, relating chest wall afferent information to respiratory timing. Rib cage and abdominal motion were monitored by magnetometers and flow and tidal volume via a face mask. In the first group, studies were done in REM sleep when spontaneously occurring distortion of the rib cage occurred and a significant linear relationship between the rate of distortion of the chest wall and shortening of the inspiratory time (Ti) was found in all infants. Reduction in this distortion by the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or continuous negative pressure at the body surface (CNeg) was associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) lengthening of Ti. Absence of changes in Ti when pressure was applied in quiet sleep suggested that lung volume or chemical changes were not involved. In the second group of infants we artificially generated the afferent inflow by using vibratory stimuli applied in one intercostal interspace and produced a significant (P less than 0.05) shortening in Ti. We suggest that the distortion of the rib cage in REM sleep generates afferent information from intercostal muscle spindles that is related to the rate of distortion and this, via a supraspinal reflex, inhibits phrenic motoneuron discharge. It may then be of importance in the etiology of apneic episodes in these infants. Applied pressure may be of benefit because it reduces an inhibitory afferent inflow.
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PMID:Neonatal chest wall afferents and regulation of respiration. 19 Feb 5

Emotional stress was developed in cats by putting them in one cage with dogs for 24 hours. Then the 24 hours sleep-walking cycles records revealed prolonged REM stage in day time or at night in five animals out of seven, and in six animals a general increase of REM sleep duration over 24 hours. Simultaneously, in six animals the length of drowsiness and of deep slow-wave sleep stages was reduced. Increased overall sleep duration in the 24 hours was recorded in five cats. Sleep changes dynamics analysis reveals three stages: 1) sharp shift of all sleep parameters--27%, 2) deviation in sleep parameters--34% and 3) returning to basic sleep parameters--in 38%. The conclusion is drawn that sleep disorders may be used as an index of higher nervous activity disturbance in waking state.
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PMID:[Effect of emotional stress on sleep dynamics in cats]. 22 15

To assess the accuracy of the respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP) during sleep in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), we monitored 13 patients with OSA during wakefulness and nocturnal sleep with simultaneous measurements of tidal volume from RIP and integrated airflow. Patients wore a tightly fitting face mask with pneumotachograph during wakefulness and sleep. Calibrations were performed during wakefulness prior to sleep and compared with subsequent wakeful calibrations at the end of the study. Patients maintained the same posture during sleep (supine, 11; lateral, two) as during calibrations. There were no significant differences in calibrations before sleep and after awakening. The mean error in 13 patients undergoing RIP measurements of tidal volume during wakefulness was -0.7 +/- 3.4 percent while that during sleep was 2.1 +/- 14.9 percent (p < 0.001). The standard deviation (SD) of the differences between individual breaths measured by RIP and integrated airflow was 9.8 +/- 5.5 percent during wakefulness and 25.5 +/- 18.6 percent during sleep (p < 0.001). During both wakefulness and sleep, errors in RIP tidal volume were not significantly correlated with body mass index. In 12 patients with at least 10 percent time in each of stages 1 and 2 sleep, SD was greater in stage 2 sleep compared with wakefulness and stage 1 (p < 0.001). In three patients who manifested all stages of sleep, SD was greater in REM sleep than in wakefulness and all stages of non-REM sleep (p < 0.001). In three patients who manifested all stages of sleep, SD was greater in REM sleep than in wakefulness and all stages of non REM sleep (p < 0.001). This was associated with paradoxic motion of the rib cage in two patients during REM. We conclude that, despite increased errors in individual breath measurements during sleep, more marked during stages 2 and REM sleep, RIP is clinically useful to measure ventilation quantitatively in obese patients with sleep apnea. The criterion of a decrease of 50 percent in tidal volume assessed by RIP is appropriate to define hypopneas in such patients.
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PMID:Accuracy of respiratory inductive plethysmography during wakefulness and sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. 139 58

The duration and type of sleep and activity were monitored in a group of 9 Duroc piglets weaned at 7 weeks of age and placed into a cage of 1.2 x 1.2 m. Average air temperature in the cage ranged between 20 and 23 degrees C and relative humidity was around 70%. The piglets were fed and watered ad libitum. The measurements were performed one week after the pigs had been transferred to the cages, in the period between 8 a.m. and 1 p.m. Approximately half of the 5-hour period of observation was occupied by sleep. There were, however, marked individual differences (ranges: 66 and 24%). Non-REM sleep occupied 79% while REM sleep 21% of the whole sleep time. REM episodes lasted, on the average, 3.8 + 0.58 min. The other half of the period studied was occupied by wakefulness which was devoted to movement, lying and, also, massaging and sucking each other. In some animals this activity was high and was the cause of unrest in the whole group. Differences in respiratory rate between non-REM and REM sleep recorded in heavier animals were the result of their heat load.
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PMID:Sleep and activity of piglets weaned into cages. 178 31

Respiratory adaptation during sleep improves with growth. The most vulnerable period for respiratory adaptation to sleep is from birth to 3 months of age. Factors that favor vulnerability are immaturity in ventilatory control and high rib cage compliance which impairs its effectiveness for ventilation. Improvement in respiratory adaptation during sleep is rapid during the first year of life. Sleep, and especially active (REM) sleep, is a risk period for respiratory disturbances in infants. Numerous factors may trigger apparent life threatening events. Respiratory disorders such as bronchiolitis, upper airway obstruction, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia impair respiratory adaptation during sleep. Treatment of respiratory disorders in infants must take into account the exacerbation of respiratory disturbances during sleep.
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PMID:Respiratory adaptation during sleep in infants. 211 10

To determine whether the rib cage muscles actively contribute to tidal volume change in infancy, we measured tidal volume (VT), using a pneumotachograph, respiratory gastric pressure swings (Pga), using a liquid-filled gastric catheter, and rib cage and abdominal volume, using respiratory inductive plethysmography in 15 newborns, both before and during 2% CO2-induced hyperventilation. Active rib cage expansion produced by phasic contraction of the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage should reduce respiratory abdominal pressure fluctuations by moving the anterior abdominal wall outward and cephalad, thereby having an expanding influence on the abdominal cavity. During quiet sleep (n = 13), CO2-induced hyperventilation was associated with significant increases in VT, Pga, rib cage volume (Vrc), and abdominal volume (Vab). Increments in Pga were small relative to VT, as shown by an increase in the slope of the VT versus Pga respiratory loop (VT/Pga) in all subjects (p less than 0.001, paired t test). CO2 breathing was associated with an increase in the contribution of the rib cage compartment to total volume change (Vrc/Vrc + Vab) in all infants studied (p less than 0.001, paired t test), and the total volume response to hyperventilation was more strongly related to changes in rib cage volume (slope = 0.62, r = 0.90) than to abdominal volume (slope = 0.31, r = 0.60). During REM sleep (n = 6), mean VT/Pga did not change significantly, and the rib cage contribution to tidal breathing decreased in three of six infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Action of the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage during breathing in newborns. 271 47

The respiratory pattern during wakefulness and sleep was characterized in a 70-year-old woman with respiratory dyskinesia. During wakefulness, both respiratory frequency and tidal volume exhibited an irregularly irregular pattern. In addition, wide fluctuations occurred in the position of the rib cage and abdomen at end expiration. A normal respiratory pattern appeared during non-REM and REM sleep.
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PMID:The irregularly irregular pattern of respiratory dyskinesia. 376 90

Seventeen children (mean age, nine years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied during sleep. Electroencephalography, electrooculography, and electromyography were all recorded. Airflow was measured by nasal and oral thermistors, and abdominal and thoracic anteroposterior diameters by magnetometers. Transcutaneous partial pressure of O2 (tcPO2) and of CO2 (tcPCO2) were monitored. The average total sleep time was 283 min +/- 36 (1 SD). Breathing pauses (BP) five seconds or longer were measured. The mean time of BP expressed as a percentage of TST was 1.3 percent +/- 0.8 (1 SD). The BP occurred most frequently during REM sleep. Forty-six percent of BP were obstructive (OBP). The percentage of OBP was significantly related to the degree of lung resistance during wakefulness. Periodic breathing was observed with a mean frequency of 2.2 times per night (range: 0 to 7). Episodes with paradoxic inward rib cage motion were seen one to 29 times (mean 6.6). Drops in tcPCO2 greater than 5 mm Hg occurred one to eight times and 67 percent were observed during REM sleep. Compared to tcPCO2 during W the mean maximal decrease in tcPCO2 was 14 mm Hg (range 8 to 29). tcPCO2 rose with a mean maximal of 9.1 mm Hg (range 6 to 13). It was concluded that children with COPD had worsened gas exchange during sleep.
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PMID:Respiration during sleep in children with COPD. 396 24

We examined the respiratory activity of the genioglossus, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles of the rat during nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep. Each animal carried implanted electrodes for recording the integrated EMG activity of respiratory muscles, the postural tone (EMG), and electrocortical activity (polygraphic identification of sleep-waking states). The three upper airway muscles exhibited inspiratory activity during non-REM sleep while rats breathed ambient air. Curled up postures promoted inspiratory activity of genioglossus and sternothyroid muscles, an effect enhanced by CO2 breathing but reduced by hypoxic breathing. During REM sleep, genioglossus and sternothyroid muscles lost their activity but the sternohyoid muscles retained their inspiratory activity. We conclude that the genioglossus and sternothyroid muscles contribute to upper airway patency during non-REM sleep, an effect CO2 augments but hypoxia reduces. The sternohyoid muscles have at least two functions during both sleep states: they contribute to maintenance of upper airway patency and to rib cage fixation, thereby optimizing the ventilatory action of the diaphragm.
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PMID:Respiratory roles of genioglossus, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid muscles during sleep. 404 87


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