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Cardiopulmonary responses to prolonged hyperoxia and their relationships to the development of lung pathology have not been fully characterized in primates. In this study, circulatory hemodynamics and pulmonary function, vascular permeability, and leukocyte sequestration were measured in male baboons after 100% O2 exposure and related to ultrastructural changes of lung injury by electron microscopy. Three groups of animals were exposed to 100% O2 in an exposure cage for 40, 66, and 80 h, respectively. A fourth group of animals was exposed in a cage for 80 h and then anesthetized and ventilated with 100% O2 for additional time. These animals were exposed for a total duration of 110 h or until death from the injury. Physiological responses to hyperoxia were characterized by decreases in total lung capacity and inspiratory capacity at 80 and 110 h. A significant increase in pulmonary leukocyte accumulation was noted by 80 h. Extravascular lung water and permeability surface-area product increased at 80 and 110 h. Cardiac output and stroke volume also decreased, and systemic vascular resistance increased after 80 and 110 h of hyperoxia. Histopathological changes were present in the lungs of all but the 40-h exposure group. Animals exposed for 66 h showed endothelial injury and neutrophil accumulation. By 80 h, animals showed endothelial cell destruction, interstitial edema, and type I cell injury. At 110 h, animals showed substantial destruction of endothelial and type I epithelial cells, exposure of alveolar basement membrane, congestion of capillaries, and substantial interstitial edema. The data indicate that histological changes by electron microscopy precede physiological responses to hyperoxic pulmonary injury in baboons by as much as 14 h and that the physiological responses to early hyperoxic injury are relatively insensitive to the pathological injury.
J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991 Dec
PMID:Responses of baboons to prolonged hyperoxia: physiology and qualitative pathology. 177 33

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing 3% of either palmitic acid (Diet PA), oleic acid (Diet OA), or linoleic acid (Diet LA) on reproductive performance, fatty acid composition of egg yolk, plasma, and liver, and total plasma phosphorus of Japanese quail. Each diet was fed to 20 individually caged hens from 5 wk of age. A 24-wk production period started at 8 wk of age. Fertile eggs for incubation were obtained by placing at random a male in the cage with the female for 15 to 20 min twice per week. The males were kept in separate individual cages and fed a turkey grower diet throughout. Feed consumption, egg production, egg output, and the number of chicks per hen were higher (P less than .05) in birds fed Diet PA than in those fed Diet OA or Diet LA. Hatchability was not different (P greater than .05) between Diet PA and Diet OA, but they were higher (P less than .05) than that of Diet LA. Quail weight at hatch from birds fed Diet LA was heavier (P less than .05) than those from Diet OA, but not different (P greater than .05) from those fed Diet PA. Total plasma phosphorus concentration was higher (P less than .05) in birds fed Diet PA than in those fed Diet LA. High levels of oleic and linoleic acids were found in egg yolk, plasma, and liver lipids from birds fed Diet OA and Diet LA, respectively. Feeding Diet PA resulted in elevated levels of palmitoleic acid in all three tissues. The highest overall reproductive performance on Diet PA suggests that palmitic acid has some physiological role in reproduction. The sustained near-maximal levels of egg production and fertility achieved in this trial indicate the superiority of the mating procedure, which would also permit testing the response of male and female birds while minimizing injuries incurred by the females.
Poult Sci 1991 Dec
PMID:Effect of feeding palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids to Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 1. Reproductive performance and tissue fatty acids. 178 70

What components of the visual system process diffuse light information? A [2-14C]deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic analysis revealed that exposure of freely moving rats (wearing light-diffusing masks) to flashing-diffuse light consistently elevated 2-DG uptake in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus to levels rivalling those occurring in rats exposed to flashing-gratings. Uptake in visual cortex (area 17) in response to flashing-diffuse light, however, varied as a function of early contour experience, i.e. lower than that produced by darkness in rats reared with high contrast patterns, higher than darkness in rats which had been lid-sutured from the time of eye opening, and falling between these two extremes in 'ordinary' cage-reared rats. The findings point to subcortical mediation of discriminations based on diffuse light information. Cortex might participate in the processing of diffuse light information in the special case of animals lacking contour experience during development.
Behav Brain Res 1991 Dec 13
PMID:Effects of flashing-diffuse light on [2-14C]deoxyglucose uptake in the visual system of the black-hooded rat. 178 13

The effects of heterosexual interactions on the in vivo rate of regional brain monoamine synthesis were examined in the male rat. To this end, the animals were administered an inhibitor of cerebral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, NSD-1015 (100 mg.kg-1 i.p.), and regional brain DOPA and 5-HTP accumulation, over a 15-35 min period of sexual interaction, was compared with the DOPA or 5-HTP accumulation in time-matched home cage controls. Using the DOPA and 5-HTP accumulation as an estimate for the rate of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activity, respectively, the present results demonstrate: (1) an increased demand on catecholamine synthesis in the neocortex, the amygdala and in the septal area; and (2) an increased dopamine and serotonin synthesis in the ventral striatum (excluding the olfactory tubercle), and in the dorsal striatum.
Behav Brain Res 1991 Dec 20
PMID:Effects of sexual interactions on the in vivo rate of monoamine synthesis in forebrain regions of the male rat. 178 20

A cage implantation technique has been adopted in a rabbit animal model to investigate the biocompatibility of an aliphatic crosslinked polyurethane based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). In this study, four cages are represented; the cage containing the candidate polyurethane material, biomedical grade polyurethane (Tecoflex), the commercial grade polyvinylchloride (PVC), and an empty cage which were implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. Exudates were aspirated from these cages at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postimplantation. Exudates were analyzed for variations in proteins, cell counts, and extracellular enzymes. Results with the four types of cage implants showed that the candidate polyurethane caused an inflammatory response comparable to that caused by medical-grade Tecoflex and the empty cage control.
J Biomed Mater Res 1991 Dec
PMID:In vivo biocompatibility of an aliphatic crosslinked polyurethane in rabbit. 179 93

An updraft trap for sampling sandflies in the field was developed and tested in the Marigat area of Baringo District, Kenya. The main components of the trap were a 12 cm long plastic drain pipe, 9 V d.c. electric motor, aluminium fan and a perspex sandfly collection cage. Comparisons of the updraft trap with a CDC and a 1 x 1 m polythene sheet coated with castor oil (sticky trap) showed the former was more consistent than the other traps in sampling sandflies from animal burrows. A total of 1241 sandflies belonging to eleven species were collected. Sergentomyia bedfordi, Phlebotomus martini, S. antennatus and P. duboscqi were the commonest species comprising 32.5%, 27.0%, 21.1% and 11.3% of the total catch respectively. However, the relative proportion of the different species varied according to the type of trap used. The CDC trap apparently attracted the known vectors of leishmaniases in the area, P. martini and P. duboscqi. Significantly more male than female P. martini and S. antennatus were collected by the various traps. A significantly higher proportion of female S. bedfordi was captured by the updraft and sticky traps while equal numbers of male and female P. duboscqi were collected in all traps.
Trop Med Parasitol 1991 Dec
PMID:Description and performance of an updraft trap for sandflies. 179 42

In Experiment 1, ICR Swiss mice were exposed to one of two novel cages for 1, 6, or 10 30-min trials. Plasma corticosterone elevations were greater in the more novel than in the less novel cage and following the sixth as compared to the first and tenth exposures. In Experiment 2, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley rats also exhibited significant, though modest, increases in corticosterone levels from their first to their sixth 30-min exposures to the more novel cage. These findings demonstrate generalization of an apparent sensitization of the plasma corticosterone response across the two levels of novelty and four strains of laboratory rodents tested here. The transience of the effect may explain some earlier inconsistencies in the literature. In Experiment 3, five daily 30-min exposures to the more novel environment minimally raised resting corticosterone levels of ICR Swiss mice. Further, corticosterone levels during a first exposure were no greater at 15 or 45 min than at 30 min. These results suggest that the increase in corticosterone with repeated exposures reflects a true sensitization of the corticosterone response rather than an increase in resting levels with repeated exposures or a shift in the time course of the corticosterone response.
Physiol Behav 1991 Dec
PMID:Sensitization of the plasma corticosterone response to novel environments. 179 72

Drinking, feeding, locomotion and exploratory activity of male Wistar rats were assessed after bilateral stereotaxic administration of ibotenic acid in the nucleus basolateralis amygdalae. Feeding, drinking and locomotion were measured in an activity cage, while exploratory activity was determined in a multiple Y-maze. In the 24-hour cycle, lesioned animals exhibited unvaried feeding, decreased drinking and increased locomotion. Exploration was also increased. The results show that this nucleus is not involved in quantitative feeding control, while it does exert a significant facilitatory influence on drinking. It also exerts an inhibitory influence on exploration and on locomotion.
Physiol Behav 1991 Dec
PMID:Effects of nucleus basolateralis amygdalae neurotoxic lesions on some spontaneous activities in the rat. 179 78

A series of 61 consecutive procedures of chest wall resection and reconstruction in 58 patients during the period between August, 1986 and December, 1990 is reported. The ages ranged between 6-77 years. The chest wall resection was indicated for malignant affections in 54 cases. Among these, there were 24 patients with bronchial carcinoma invading the chest wall, 17 patients with primary or metastatic sarcoma, 11 patients with recurrent breast cancer and 3 with cancer metastases of varying origin. Pulmonary resection included pneumonectomy in 8 cases, lobectomy in 19, segmental and wedge resections in 26. In the majority of resections, the reconstruction was accomplished without implants. In cases with full thickness removal of the chest wall, the plane of the rib cage and/or the sternum was reconstructed using Vicryl mesh (n = 7), PTFE soft tissue patch (n = 11), marlex-mesh (n = 1), or methyl-methacrylate (n = 3). There was one case of hospital mortality, 6 weeks postoperatively, due to neurological failure from an independent preoperatively undiagnosed brain tumor. There were 4 reoperations: one early and one late (4 months) infection, one case of limited superficial necrosis of a flap and one with chronic lymphous drainage from a large myocutaneous flap. In no instance was primary postoperative ventilation therapy necessary. Mechanical ventilation was instituted only on day 8 in the patient who accounts for the mortality in this series. In the presence of primary infection, the greater omentum was used for the restoration of the integument.
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991 Dec
PMID:Reconstruction of chest wall defects. 180 37

We compared the efficacy of a long-duration (3-week) therapy of vancomycin, fleroxacin, fleroxacin plus rifampin, and vancomycin plus fleroxacin and rifampin in a recently developed rat model of chronic staphylococcal foreign-body infection. Subcutaneous tissue cages containing polymethylmethacrylate coverslips were infected with 1 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) CFU of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Three weeks later, a quantitative culturing of the fluid that had accumulated in the cages was done (mean, 6.72 log10 CFU/ml; n = 110) and treatment was initiated after randomization. The CFUs in the cage fluid were counted on days 11 and 22 and 1 week after the termination of treatment; in addition, a final culture of coverslips (surface-bound microorganisms) was performed. The three-drug therapy was significantly superior to the other treatments on day 11 (a 5.16 log10 decrease of bacterial counts versus a 2.12 log10 to 2.94 log10 decrease for vancomycin, fleroxacin, and fleroxacin plus rifampin; P less than 0.01). On day 22, count decreases were 4.16 log10 for vancomycin, 4.91 log10 for fleroxacin (vancomycin versus fleroxacin, not significant), 6.14 log10 for two-drug therapy, and 6.34 log10 for three-drug therapy (vancomycin-fleroxacin-rifampin versus fleroxacin-rifampin, not significant; fleroxacin-rifampin versus monotherapies, P less than 0.01); the numbers of CFU in most cage fluids were under the detection limit (20 CFU/ml) in combination groups. One week after the end of treatment, 92% of fluids and coverslips (detection limit, 1 CFU) were culture negative with tritherapy, 88% of fluids and 41% of coverslips were negative with bitherapy, and less than 12% of fluids and coverslips were negative with single drugs (for coverslips, P was <0.01 for vancomycin-fleroxacin-rifampin versus fleroxacin-rifampin and P was <0.001 for fleroxacin-rifampin versus the monotherapies). No mutants resistant to rifampin or fleroxacin were detected. In conclusion, antimicrobial combinations were highly effective and superior to single drugs in treating a chronic staphylococcal foreign-body infection for 3 weeks. The three-drug therapy decreased bacterial counts more rapidly than the two-drug therapy under study and appeared to be curative in most cases.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 Dec
PMID:Successful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations. 181 Jan 96


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