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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A special metabolic cage system was employed to measure the intestinal, renal, and mammary gland fluxes of Ca, P, and Mg in vitamin D-deficient rats during late pregnancy and lactation. Dietary Ca, P, and Mg levels were 0.78, 0.34, and 0.083%, respectively; this diet minimizes the reduction in milk production observed during vitamin D deficiency. Compared with identically treated virgin rats, lactating rats were slightly hypocalcemic and severely hypophosphatemic. Hypertrophy of the small intestine, as indicated by increased intestinal length and villus height, occurred during lactation. Net fractional intestinal absorption of Ca and P, but not Mg, was elevated twofold during late pregnancy and throughout lactation. Despite this elevated intestinal absorption, lactating rats were in negative Ca and P balance and lost bone mass. The transfer rates of Ca, P, and Mg into milk were approximately 77% of values previously observed in vitamin D-replete rats. Lactating rats conserved P by dramatically reducing renal P excretion. Pup retention of ingested Ca was virtually complete. These results, together with previous observations using everted duodenal gut sacs, indicate that there is a vitamin D-independent stimulation of intestinal Ca and P absorption during pregnancy and lactation. Because fractional Mg absorption was not similarly enhanced, this stimulation shows some specificity.
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PMID:Vitamin D-independent intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption during reproduction. 222 Oct 74

This study is aimed at a better understanding of the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) by examining factors influencing the bacterial ecology of the genital tract. It comprises two sets of experiments in a monkey model. In the first the persistence and transmission between individuals of a P-fimbriated Escherichia coli (strain DS17) in faeces was examined and in the second we studied the influence of amoxicillin on the occurrence of this strain in the vagina. Orally administered E. coli DS17 was shown to spread to cage mates and to persist in the gut for at least 17-18 months. One of four monkeys so colonized developed three separate UTIs with the DS17 strain. The second set of experiments comprised four other monkeys, who either harboured the E. coli DS17 strain in the faeces and/or in small amounts in the vagina, probably through contamination during defaecation. Amoxicillin induced a persistent vaginal E. coli DS17 colonization in nine of ten experiments. The study thus shows that uropathogenic E. coli may persist for long time in the faeces and that, in this situation, amoxicillin may promote an abnormal, vaginal E. coli colonization similar to that characteristic of females prone to recurrent UTI and often preceding manifest urinary infections.
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PMID:Amoxicillin promotes vaginal colonization with adhering Escherichia coli present in faeces. 270 73

The purpose of this study was the investigation of changes in the lectin-binding pattern prior to tumour formation in an experimental model. Female Wistar rats were treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). After 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 weeks of treatment the lectin-binding-pattern of the colonic mucosa appearing morphologically normal was examined at the caecum, proximal colon, distal colon and rectum, using FITC-conjugated Peanut-agglutinin (PNA) and Ulex europaeus-agglutinin1 (UEA1). In contradistinction to what has been reported earlier by other authors, PNA did not indicate constant cancer-associated mucin changes. In addition, there was no difference in the UEA1-binding between the control animals and the DMH-treated rats. Thus, in the rat there is no specific PNA- and UEA1-binding pattern during tumour induction in the gut.
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PMID:Changes in the lectin-binding pattern of PNA-agglutinin and UEA1 during the DMH-induced carcinogenesis in the normal appearing colonic mucosa of the rat. 313 25

Riboflavin derivatives were quantitated and identified in urine of rats fed 0, 2 and 6 micrograms riboflavin/g diet per day both with and without added succinyl sulfathiazole for 6 wk. Two rats from each dietary group were placed in metabolic cages and urine was collected in the dark for 24 h. On the fourth week, a third animal from each group received an i.p. injection of [2-14C]riboflavin before being placed in a metabolic cage and urine collected in the dark for 48 h. Urine samples were extracted with phenol for flavin components and with chloroform for lumichrome and derivatives. Riboflavin was the predominant flavin excreted by rats in all dietary groups, followed by hydroxymethylriboflavins and smaller amounts of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), lumiflavin and 10-hydroxyethylflavin. Carboxylumichromes accounted for 5-10% of the total flavin-derived fluorescence in urine of rats fed 2 and 6 micrograms riboflavin/g diet and were reduced to approximately 3% when sulfathiazole was added to the base diets. Carboxylumichromes were absent from urine of riboflavin-deficient rats. Riboflavin accounted for 85-90% of the recovered radioactivity of all radioactive urine extracts; no radioactively labeled carboxylumichromes were detected. These results indicate that hydroxymethylriboflavins are primary catabolites of riboflavin derived from tissue microsomal oxidations, whereas carboxylumichromes reflect the continued oxidation of ring hydroxymethyl functions plus gut microbial cleavage of the side chain of flavin.
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PMID:Clarification and quantitation of primary (tissue) and secondary (microbial) catabolites of riboflavin that are excreted in mammalian (rat) urine. 357 60

Preliminary experiments established that a 0.5-ml inoculum that is introduced directly into the stomach of mice was cleared rapidly into the small intestine. Bicarbonate buffer, but not skim milk, protected such an inoculum from stomach acid until at least 90% of it had entered the small intestine. Passage and survival of various Escherichia coli strains through the mouse gut were tested by introducing a buffered bacterial inoculum directly into the stomach, together with the following two intestinal tracers: Cr(51)Cl(3) and spores of a thermophilic Bacillus sp. Quantitative recovery of excreted bacteria was accomplished by collecting the feces overnight in a refrigerated cage pan. The data show that wild-type E. coli strains and E. coli K-12 are excreted rapidly (98 to 100% within 18 h) in the feces without overall multiplication or death. E. coli varkappa1776 and DP50supF, i.e., strains certified for recombinant DNA experiments underwent rapid death in vivo, such that their excretion in the feces was reduced to approximately 1.1 and 4.7% of the inoculum, respectively. The acidity of the stomach had little bactericidal effect on the E. coli K-12 strain tested, but significantly reduced the survival of more acidsensitive bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) under these conditions. Long-term implantation of E. coli strains into continuous-flow cultures of mouse cecal flora or into conventional mice was difficult to accomplish. In contrast, when the E. coli strain was first inoculated into sterile continuous-flow cultures or into germfree mice, which were subsequently associated with conventional mouse cecal flora, the E. coli strains persisted in a large proportion of the animals at levels resembling E. coli populations in conventional mice. Metabolic adaptation contributed only partially to the success of an E. coli inoculum that was introduced first. A mathematical model is described which explains this phenomenon on the basis of competition for adhesion sites in which an advantage accrues to the bacterium which occupies those sites first. The mathematical model predicts that two or more bacterial strains that compete in the gut for the same limiting nutrient can coexist, if the metabolically less efficient strains have specific adhesion sites available. The specific rate constant of E. coli growth in monoassociated gnotobiotic mice was 2.0 h(-1), whereas the excretion rate in conventional animals was -0.23 h(-1). Consequently, limitation of growth must be regarded as the primary mechanism controlling bacterial populations in the large intestine. The beginnings of a general hypothesis of the ecology of the large intestine are proposed, in which the effects of the competitive metabolic interactions described earlier are modified by the effects of bacterial association with the intestinal wall.
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PMID:Survival and implantation of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract. 633 89

The duration of the gonotrophic cycle and survivorship of Anopheles vestitipennis Dyar & Knab was estimated in 2 malarious areas of Chiapas, Mexico: the Lacandon Forest and the Pacific Ocean Coastal Plain. Blood-engorged females held in an outdoor cage required 2.75 d for egg maturation, and 3.75 d for the duration of the gonotrophic cycle. Duration of the gonotrophic cycle also was estimated by parous-nulliparous dynamics for 20 consecutive days and autocorrelation time-series analysis, and by mark-recapture techniques. These methods depicted differences between the Lacandon Forest (3-d cycle) and the Coastal Plain (2-3 d cycles). Daily survival rates were estimated vertically and were generally higher in the Lacandon Forest (0.68) than in the Coastal Plain (0.45-0.58). The probability of mosquitoes surviving the sporogonic cycle was 10-100 times greater in the Lacandon Forest. The pregravid rate was 8.2%, and 29.3% of females with primary follicles beyond Christophers' stage III had traces of red blood in the gut. The 1st statistic indicated that 8.2% of females required > 1 blood meal for initial egg development, the 2nd statistic indicated that 29.3% of females take > 1 blood meal during a gonotrophic cycle. In summary, the enhanced vectorial role of this species is explained partially by high longevity and multiple blood-feeding habits.
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PMID:Gonotrophic cycle and survivorship of Anopheles vestitipennis (Diptera: Culicidae) in two different ecological areas of southern Mexico. 983 83

Animals must match their foraging and digestion to seasonal changes in availability and quality of food. When these parameters decline, the animal's performance limits for extracting energy and nutrients may be challenged. In the laboratory, we investigated daily patterns of food processing on a low-quality (high-fiber) diet of alfalfa in an herbivorous, day-active rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), which inhabits semiarid central Chile. We manipulated timing of food availability, from continuous availability down to as little as 5 h/d. Degus maintained weight while digesting only 53% of dry-matter consumption. With food continuously available in a metabolic cage, the animals ate more food and deposited about twice as much feces in the day as at night. Continuous 24-h behavioral observation revealed that degus were actually defecating at the same rate both night and day but then ingesting most of the feces they produced at night. Further experimental treatments challenged animals with limited periods of food availability that matched natural foraging patterns. With either 11 h of daytime food availability or only 5 h (in morning and afternoon periods of 2.5 h each), degus consumed as much food as those with 24-h food availability. Continuous 24-h behavioral observations revealed in the 11-h group that nearly all feces produced at night were reingested and nearly none were reingested in the day, whereas the 5-h group resorted to further coprophagy during the 6-h midday interval with no food. Despite these differences in timing of food intake and coprophagy in response to the three experimental treatments, the degus were defecating at the same rate both night and day, which indicated a constant rate of output from the colon. This suggests a range of adjustments of digestive physiology to the timing of gut function by balancing coprophagy with ingestion of food. Overall, 38% of 24-h feces production was reingested, and 87% of this coprophagy occurred at night. The ingestion of feces during parts of the day when food is unavailable provides for continued intake into the digestive tract and appears to represent an increase in overall efficiency of gut use.
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PMID:Daily rhythms of food intake and feces reingestion in the degu, an herbivorous Chilean rodent: optimizing digestion through coprophagy. 988 6

High alcohol and low folate intake are independent risk factors for colorectal cancer. Acetaldehyde has been postulated to be a factor responsible for ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. High levels of acetaldehyde accumulate in the large intestine via the microbial oxidation of alcohol. Acetaldehyde degrades folate in vitro. Thus, it is possible that high intracolonic acetaldehyde levels break down folate in the colon. Our aim was to test the effect of high alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in the gut on systemic and local intestinal folate levels in rats. Twenty rats received 3 g/kg of ethanol twice a day for 2 weeks with or without concomitant ciprofloxacin administration. Twenty control rats received saline with or without ciprofloxacin. All rats were fed a diet with normal folate content. Alcohol treatment led to very high intracolonic acetaldehyde levels (387 +/- 185 microM), which were markedly decreased by concomitant ciprofloxacin treatment (21 +/- 4 microM). Erythrocyte, serum and small intestinal folate levels were unaffected by alcohol treatment. Alcohol administration decreased significantly colonic mucosal folate levels by 48%, and this effect was prevented by ciprofloxacin. We conclude that alcohol administration for 2 weeks leads to local folate deficiency of colonic mucosa in rats, most probably via the degradation of folate by the high levels of acetaldehyde microbially produced from ethanol. Our findings offer a unique explanation for the increased risk of colonic cancer associated with alcohol intake and folate deficiency.
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PMID:Microbially produced acetaldehyde from ethanol may increase the risk of colon cancer via folate deficiency. 1073 42

Zonocerus variegatus is a common grasshopper in parts of west and equtorial Africa. The distribution in Nigeria extends from the lowland rainforest zone to the savannah in the north. The influence of lure on the behaviour of grasshopper inside cages (120 insect per cage) was investigated. Nymphs and adults of Zonocerus variegatus responded positively to intact leaves, crushed leaves and inflorescence of the common compositae weed Chromolaena odorata inside muslin bags, and intact plants. There were significant differences in the attraction recorded for starved nymphs, fed nymphs and starved adults. Attraction was more to intact leaves and is by olfaction. The increase in the attraction of starved nymphs is time dependent. Attraction to plant parts ceased after the plants were dried for 24 and 48 hours at room temperature and when plants were placed in transparent polythene bags. Gut motility and gut activity were higher during the day than at night. Nymphs, adults and egg pods placed separately inside muslin bags were not attractive to adults or nymphs.
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PMID:The attraction of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) to different types of lure. 1193 19

In the rat, small intestine preparation was studied with the aid of our modification of Na(+)-dependent nutrient absorption short-circuit current method. In experiments on rats, it was shown that reaction of the gut to animal state changes (fasting, satiety and refeeding) depended on its medial or distal localization. Active Na+ absorption in medial part of small intestine after refeeding rose 3-6-fold depending on period of previous fasting (2 or 5 days). Two states of satiety were elucidated: when the rats were in cage with meal and after refeeding following a 5-day fasting; at least in distal small intestine, absorption of nutrients in the latter state was much higher. Fast nutrient adaptation (approximately 30 min) of absorption was revealed, second responses of short-circuit current to glyala were 3.4-fold higher than the first one: 33.4 +/- 9.7 (n = 6) and 9.9 +/- 2.9 microA/cm2 (n = 6) (P < 0.05). It is possible that increased nutrients (glucose and aminoacids) entering in mucose after the 5th day refeeding play role as a primary signal for change of animal behavior.
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PMID:[Satiety, fasting, and refeeding study of absorption in rats]. 1611 76


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