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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Finding at least 2-3 ppm and occasionally as much as 10-20 ppm of vinyl chloride monomer in a wide range of foodstuffs has prompted concern for a possible human health hazard. The recognition of vinyl chloride as a carcinogen to humans in April 1974, following the discovery of angiosarcoma as the cause of death in at least 25 workers who had been engaged in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, enhanced this concern with respect to the presence of vinyl chloride monomer in foods. To assess the hazard presented by the oral ingestion of vinyl chloride monomer, rats that had been surgically prepared with an indwelling jugular cannula were dosed by intragastric intubation with aqueous solutions containing up to 2.0 mg/ml vinyl chloride. Time-concentration curves were obtained from sequential samples of blood. The uptake of vinyl chloride by this route was found to be extremely rapid; peak concentrations were achieved less than 10 min after administration of the dose. Elimination from the blood compartment appeared to be biexponential. Studies with the same animal model in a single restraint cage that allowed a "head only" exposure to concentrations of vinyl chloride up to 7,000 ppm in the gas phase have shown a similar rapid uptake followed by a plateau blood concentration during several hours of exposure. On removal from the vinyl chloride atmosphere, blood levels fell rapidly to barely detectable concentrations after 2 hr. The precise kinetic coefficients that describe the distribution and elimination rates of vinyl chloride from the blood compartment were also determined from the blood concentration data after the administration of an intravenous dose of aqueous or vegetable oil solution.
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PMID:Pharmacodynamics and uptake of vinyl chloride monomer administered by various routes to rats. 124 84

1. ISA Brown hens were housed, from 18 to 71 weeks of age, as groups of 4 in cages with 675 cm2/bird. There were 7 treatments: control cages and 6 treatments with perches fitted across the rear of the cage. Five treatments had 450 mm wide cages, with perches made from hardwood, textured metal, smooth plastic, softwood and padded vinyl, and one treatment had a 600 mm wide cage, with a softwood perch. There were 4 cages in each of the first 6 treatments and 6 in the last. 2. Overall, birds spent about 25% of the day time on perches. Most time (28 to 41%) was spent perching on the 600 mm softwood perches. Among 450 mm perches, most time (25 to 30%) was spent on the softwood perch and least (13 to 23%) on the plastic; the results suggested that a slightly rough surface was preferred. Individual birds varied considerably in the proportion of day time they spent perching; this variation was relatively consistent over time. 3. Overall, the proportion of birds roosting on the perches at night was 85% in period 1; declined to 76% by period 6, probably because increased body size made it almost impossible for 4 birds to perch in the 450 mm cages. Birds roosting on the floor tended always to be the same individuals. 4. Damage to the soles of the feet was less in all treatments with perches than in control cages. It was least in 600 mm wide cages and showed a negative correlation with time spent perching, both within and between treatments. Long or twisted claws, in contrast, tended to be slightly worse in treatments where there was most perching. 5. Downgraded eggs tended to be slightly more frequent in cages with perches; the greatest proportion (cracked 1.4%, dirty 3.6%) was from the 600 mm wide cages, as a result of hens laying from the perch and a build-up of manure behind it. 6. Although problems remain the findings suggest that provision of perches is important for the welfare of hens; perch space should be sufficient to allow all birds to perch simultaneously.
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PMID:Individual perching behavior of laying hens and its effects in cages. 162 13

Citral is a widely used flavoring and scenting agent which is employed in numerous food, industrial, and household products. Although the current regulatory status of citral lists it as a GRAS chemical on the FDA list, the chemical is a reactive beta-substituted vinyl aldehyde that has been shown to induce irritations of skin and mucous membranes, and to exhibit a dose-dependent teratogenic effect on embryos of white leghorn chickens. Because of these factors, citral was nominated by the National Toxicology Program for carcinogenesis study. Stability studies of dose formulations of citral (0.02%) in NIH-07 rodent diet indicated a loss of 41% of the citral after 1 day in a rat cage, due mainly to volatility and reactivity with diet components. The chemical was subsequently microencapsulated using a shell medium of food-grade modified cornstarch and sucrose, and then formulated into NIH-07 diet (0.02%) for various stability studies. Results after 7 days in a rat cage showed 95% retention of chemical; diet that had been stored 21 days retained 95% at 5 degrees C storage and 89% at room temperature. An assessment of the purity of the citral in the microcapsules indicated that total impurities increased from 0.7% in the neat chemical to 1.1% in the encapsulated chemical.
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PMID:Application of microencapsulation technology to improve the stability of citral in rodent diets. 179 63

A swivel-tethering and jacket system was used in conjunction with vinyl patch electrodes and Holter recorders to obtain continuous ECG recordings in 12 rhesus monkeys on a long-term (12 day) study. Animals were custom-fitted with nylon mesh jackets that were connected to a swivel unit by a flexible, stainless steel tether. Lead wires from the chest electrodes passed through the tether to the electrical swivel apparatus located at the top of the cage. Wires from the upper part of the swivel were attached to a reel-to-reel Holter recorder. This technique was used to obtain 24-h continuous ECG recordings, which were later processed using a computer-assisted Holter analysis system.
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PMID:Ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring) in caged monkeys. 201 Sep 71

The carcinogenicity of sublimed urethane (ethyl carbamate) in air was examined with mice. JCL:ICR mice were nursed in a plastic cage inside a vinyl chamber which was ventilated 4 times per hour. The mice were exposed to urethane gas for various periods by passing air which contained a high concentration of sublimed urethane (1.29 micrograms/ml) into the vinyl chamber, or by placing a vessel containing crystalline urethane inside the vinyl chamber so that it was filled with spontaneously-sublimed urethane gas at a low concentration (0.25 microgram/ml). When female mice were killed 5 months after exposure, lung tumor frequency increased almost linearly with the number of days of exposure in the low concentration experiment, but increased in a non-linear manner in the high concentration experiment. In terms of nearly the same total dose, i.e., (concentration of urethane gas in air) X (days of inhalation), one day of exposure to urethane gas at the low concentration induced lung tumors at a significantly higher frequency than 1/4 day of exposure to urethane gas at the high concentration. When male mice were killed at 12 months after exposure to examine the progressive change of induced tumors, malignant, invasive and metastatic tumors were found to have been induced more frequently in the lung after exposure to urethane gas at the low concentration (0.25 microgram/ml for 10 days) than at the high concentration (1.29 microgram/ml for 4 days), although the total dose in the former group was about half of that in the latter. Continuous exposure to urethane gas for a longer period at the low concentration seems to be more efficient for the induction, promotion and/or progression of lung tumors than the exposure for a shorter period at the high concentration.
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PMID:Carcinogenicity of sublimed urethane in mice through the respiratory tract. 211 89

Biocompatibility of an implanted material, drug delivery system, or prosthetic is a dynamic two-way process that involves the time-dependent effects of the host on the material and the material on the host. Implantation of any synthetic material initiates a wound-healing mechanism that is characterized by the inflammatory response. We have developed a novel implant system that enables quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of the inflammatory response to implanted materials. The cage implant system can be used to quantify the cellular and enzymatic components of inflammation and permits access to study cellular adhesion and interactions with candidate biomaterials. The basic methodology of the implant system is described. The effectiveness of the system is illustrated by comparing the results for three contrasting materials: polyethylene, poly(vinyl-chloride) containing a stabilizer that is cytotoxic, and poly(DL-lactide) containing hydrocortisone acetate.
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PMID:The cage implant system for determining in vivo biocompatibility of medical device materials. 279 91

The squirrel monkey (genus Saimiri) is an arboreal primate from equatorial South America. This species forms large social groups that consist of multiple females and males of varying ages, from infant to adult. As the use of squirrel monkeys in research continues to grow, an understanding of optimal cage design and environment is essential. The University of South Alabama Primate Research Laboratory houses a breeding colony of 350 squirrel monkeys. Each group cage, measuring 4.5 X 2.5 X 1.5 meters, can contain up to 20 animals. A breeding group consists of one adult male, eight to ten adult females, and varying numbers of infant and juvenile animals. In order to determine the most suitable cage environment for the squirrel monkey, a series of studies were carried out to compare various perch materials and cage configurations. Squirrel monkeys preferred a poly-vinyl-chloride pipe perch (rigid) over rope perches (non-rigid). When provided with multiple levels of perches, all levels were used. Males tended to distribute their activities randomly at different levels. In a two tiered perch arrangement, females concentrated 67% of their social activity on the top tier. In a triple tier configuration, females concentrated 66% of their travel on the top tier. These results indicate that by creating a cage environment with multiple tiers of horizontal perches the effective cage space can be doubled or tripled. This provides an effective means of reducing population density without enlarging the dimensions of the cage or reducing social group size.
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PMID:Cage design and configuration for an arboreal species of primate. 341 15

The ability of a biomaterial to withstand the rigors of the harsh biologic environment is an important consideration when considering a material for long-term biomedical applications. Using a cage implant system, the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction on cast Biomer have been investigated. The inflammatory response to cast Biomer was greatly increased by coimplanting Biomer films with a cytotoxic poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in rats for a period of 21 days. Cast Biomer films were characterized by weight, advancing contact angle with water in air, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses were performed before any treatment, after autoclaving and sonication, and after 21 days implantation with the cytotoxic (PVC) in rats. The results of the study indicated that cast Biomer does not undergo significant chemical degradation when subjected to the effects of an intense inflammatory reaction for 21 days. Implantation does, however, lead to rearrangement that results in a more polar and hydrophilic surface, suggesting that the polymer adapts to the hydrophilic environment of the inflammatory exudate.
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PMID:The effects of an enhanced inflammatory reaction on the surface properties of cast Biomer. 395 56

Commercially available plastic and other types of flexible tubing were tested to determine their relative permeability to an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of permethrin acaricide. Bioassays employing northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), indicated that .3 mg permethrin/cm2 surface area penetrated vinyl plastic tubing that had been filled with 42.5% active ingredient EC for 14 days. Vinyl tubing circuits were installed in wire poultry cages, either in the form of suspended loops or woven through the rear cage wall, and permethrin EC was introduced by means of a small pump. Significant reductions in northern fowl mite populations on hens caged therein were apparent after 48 days posttreatment. This approach has merit as a long-term, labor-economical form of mite control on caged poultry.
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PMID:A new in-cage treatment system for control of northern fowl mites on laying hens. 672 65

High molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) and aliphatic polyurethane (Tecoflex)-based ion selective membranes, with normal and reduced amounts of plasticizer, as well as without plasticizer, were tested with respect to their analytical properties, their biocompatibility, and cellular responses. The analytical properties of the membranes did not change significantly within a wide range of polymer to plasticizer ratios. However, the membranes with reduced plasticizer content had better adhesive properties, less anion interference, extended life time, and better biocompatibility. Using the cage implant system, the results showed that an increase of plasticizer weight percent in Tecoflex membranes correlated positively with the increase in host inflammatory response up to 14 days of implantation. The results also demonstrated that both PVC and Tecoflex-based ion-selective membranes with the most common membrane composition (1:2 polymer to plasticizer ratio) exhibited a similar acute inflammatory response, but the PVC-based membrane elicited a reduced chronic inflammatory response when compared with the Tecoflex-based membrane.
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PMID:Ion-selective membranes with low plasticizer content: electroanalytical characterization and biocompatibility studies. 802 99


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