Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study investigated the effect of physical training on muscle blood flow (BF) in rats with peripheral arterial insufficiency during treadmill running. Bilateral stenosis of the femoral artery of adult rats (300-350 g) was performed to reduce exercise hyperemia in the hindlimb but not limit resting muscle BF. Rats were divided into normal sedentary, acute stenosed (stenosed 3 days before the experiment), stenosed sedentary (limited to cage activity), and stenosed trained (run on a treadmill by a progressively intense program, up to 50-60 min/day, 5 days/wk for 6-8 wk). Hindlimb BF was determined with 85Sr- and 141Ce-labeled microspheres at a low (20 m/min) and high treadmill speed (30-40 m/min depending on ability). Maximal hindlimb BF was reduced to approximately 50% normal in the acute stenosed group. Total hindlimb BF (81 +/- 5 ml.min-1.100 g-1) did not change in stenosed sedentary animals with 6-8 wk of cage activity, but a redistribution of BF occurred within the hindlimb. Two factors contributed to a higher BF to the distal limb muscle of the trained animals. A redistribution BF within the hindlimb occurred in stenosed trained animals; distal limb BF increased to approximately 80% (P less than 0.001) of the proximal tissue. In addition, an increase in total hindlimb BF with training indicates that collateral BF has been enhanced (P less than 0.025). The associated increase in oxygen delivery to the relatively ischemic muscle probably contributed to the markedly improved exercise tolerance evident in the trained animals.
 ...
PMID:Training increases muscle blood flow in rats with peripheral arterial insufficiency. 226 53

The pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, i.e. the rate of killing and the time before regrowth of surviving bacteria, may be important factors for determination of the dosage interval. In the present study the effect of protein binding, antibiotic concentrations, bacterial growth phase and bacterial inoculum on the rate of bacterial killing was investigated. The postantibiotic effect (PAE) was also studied in vitro and in vivo. The killing rate of S. aureus did not differ when the bacteria were exposed to the same free concentrations of dicloxacillin in medium with and without albumin. Protein binding per se did thus not diminish the bactericidal activity. A paradoxically reduced bactericidal effect was noted when S. aureus was exposed to high concentrations of dicloxacillin, cloxacillin and benzylpenicillin. For determination of PAE of imipenem on Ps. aeruginosa, counts of viable bacteria were compared with assay of bacterial intracellular ATP. Both methods demonstrated a PAE for the strains tested at an inoculum of 10(6) cfu/ml. At an inoculum of 10(8) cfu/ml no PAE was found, which coincided with a lack of bactericidal effect. Both the PAE and the bactericidal effect were restored with aeration of the cultures, indicating insufficient penetration of imipenem to the target sites at low oxygen tension. An in vivo model in rabbits with implanted tissue cages was developed for evaluation of the PAE. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci showed a PAE of approximately 2 h in vivo, which correlated well with the PAE found in vitro. Despite that streptococci in postantibiotic phase (PA-phase) were non-multiplying, such bacteria were killed as efficiently as previously untreated controls when exposed to 10xMIC of penicillin both in vitro and in vivo. However, streptococci in PA-phase were much more sensitive to the repeated challenge to subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin than previously untreated controls. In vivo, no difference in sensitivity to sub-MIC penicillin concentrations between streptococci in PA-phase and untreated controls was seen, probably due to the presence of host factors in the tissue cage fluid. It seems that for streptococci, subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations are more important for the sucess with intermittent dosing than the PAE, especially when a normal host defence is present.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacodynamics of beta-lactam antibiotics. Studies on the paradoxical and postantibiotic effects in vitro and in an animal model. 249 24

The blood flow to the diaphragm, external and internal intercostal muscles, abdominal oblique muscles, and other rib-cage and abdominal muscles was measured, using radio-labelled microspheres, in 6 newborn lambs quietly breathing in air and during 3 different levels of CO2 induced hypercapnic hyperpnoea (inspired gas containing 4%, 5.5%, or 7% CO2). We also calculated the oxygen uptake of the diaphragm (VO2di). While the lambs were breathing air diaphragmatic blood flow (Qdi, 38.2 +/- 4.0 SEM ml.min-1.100 g-1) was similar to external intercostal muscle blood flow (Qei, 37.1 +/- 8.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1), and both were greater than internal intercostal muscle blood flow (Qii, 24.8 +/- 6.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1; P less than 0.05). During hyperpnoea Qdi, Qei, and Qii were augmented with Qdi equal to 200.1 +/- 12.2 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in 7% CO2 and Qei equal to 88.4 +/- 14.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in 7% CO2 (Qdi was greater than Qei, P less than 0.01). Qii was 40.7 +/- 5.6 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in 7% CO2 being less than Qdi (P less than 0.01) and Qei (P less than 0.05). The abdominal oblique muscles also had augmented flow in response to hyperpnoea. The level of hypercapnia that resulted in an augmentation of Qdi (5.5% inspired CO2) was lower than that which augmented Qei and Qii (7% inspired CO2). VO2di was linearly related to Qdi (r = 0.98). Our results suggest that in the newborn lamb the diaphragm is the dominant respiratory muscle in response to hypercapnia.
 ...
PMID:Blood flow to the respiratory muscles during hypercapnic hyperpnoea in the newborn lamb. 272 19

Recently body respirator (BR) has been used to control respiratory failure in patients with late stage Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We examined the effect of BR using a pulse oximeter. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) for the night (21:00-7:00) was monitored in 15 DMD patients (5 cases without BR, 3 cases with BR partially for the night and 6 cases with BR all night long) and the desaturation (SaO2 less than 90%) time was followed three times (Jan. '87, Nov. '87, Apr. '88) in each patient. Desaturation time did not increase in 4 cases without BR. But in one case without BR it increased so much that we decided to put the patient on BR. In 3 cases with BR partially for the night, desaturation was well controlled when they used BR. No marked increase of desaturation was found in 4 cases with BR all night long. 2 of these cases were changed from cuirass type BR to jacket type BR and were getting on satisfactorily. Thoracic cage expansion of jacket type was larger than that of cuirass type, and it was found that jacket type was valuable. Also, we investigated the cause of desaturation by recording SaO2, nasal flow, thoracic cage motion and abdominal motion at the same time by making use of a polygraphy. The result showed that the main cause of desaturation was the resistance of thoracic cage motion against BR. And we think research and development is needed.
 ...
PMID:[The effect of body respirator on the desaturation during the night in Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. 280 9

Home oxygen therapy is indicated in children with chronic obstructive lung disease when the oxygen content of arterial blood is decreased (oxygen partial pressure less than or equal to 50 mmHg). Three systems are available: compressed gas, bulk liquid, and oxygen concentrator. Oxygen may be administered via nasal cannulae, masks, hoods or endotracheal tubes 15 hours per day. FIO2 and SaO2 are periodically measured. Since 1972, when the experience of mechanical ventilation at home began with poliomyelitis teenagers, many children with neuromuscular diseases have been discharged from hospital with a ventilator. More recently, younger children with chronic lung diseases have also managed at home using intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Oral mechanical ventilation using pressure preset ventilators has been used in neuromuscular diseases; early and daily ventilation of children with paralytic respiratory muscles provides better development of the thoracic cage and of the lungs. Artificial ventilation can be performed by external means; we consider this type of ventilation as contraindicated as it causes thoracic deformities in young children.
 ...
PMID:[Oxygen therapy and assisted ventilation in children at home]. 281 69

1. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were measured in rats following exposure to anaesthetic agents, after stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves, and during psychological stress. 2. In rats, kept in their home cages, the i.p. injection of sodium pentobarbitone did not cause an increase in plasma ACTH, whereas injection of urethane increased plasma ACTH several times. In rats transferred to a glass dessicator and inhaling oxygen, plasma ACTH was more than 3 fold higher than in rats in their home cage. Exposure to nitrous oxide, halothane or ether in a glass dessicator produced significantly higher plasma ACTH concentrations when compared to exposure in the home cage. 3. In rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, the electrical stimulation of large myelinated afferents in the sciatic nerve did not trigger a measurable increase in ACTH secretion, whereas stimulation of afferent A delta- and C-fibres significantly elevated plasma ACTH concentrations. Rats treated as neonates with capsaicin showed an attenuated ACTH response to A and C-fibre stimulation. 4. Similarly, capsaicin pretreatment reduced the increase in ACTH secretion during morphine withdrawal; a similar effect was produced by clonidine. 5. ACTH secretion following open field exposure, ether stress or hypoglycaemia was not changed by capsaicin pretreatment. 6. It was concluded that capsaicin-sensitive afferents are involved in the secretion of ACTH elicited by somatosensory forms of stress. Centrally evoked ACTH release is not affected by capsaicin pretreatment.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal capsaicin treatment of rats reduces ACTH secretion in response to peripheral neuronal stimuli but not to centrally acting stressors. 284 7

1. Under controlled conditions, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) respiratory frequency, evaporative water loss, heat balance, rectal (Trec) and surface temperatures were determined in the dik-dik antelopes at ambient temperatures (Ta) ranging from 1 to 44 degrees C. 2. The thermal neutral zone was found to be between 24 and 35 degrees C. 3. Respiratory frequency ranged between 27 and 630 breaths/min. 4. At a Ta of 44 degrees C, 95% of the heat produced by the dik-dik was lost via respiratory evaporation. Despite an increase in Trec, cutaneous evaporation did not increase. 5. During panting, VO2 increased in accordance with the expected Q10 effect, contrary to earlier findings. 6. Measurements of circadian rhythm [LD 12:12 (7-19) CT26 degrees C] in VO2 showed that the minimum VO2 (0.42 ml O2/g/hr) occurred at midnight while the maximum (0.78 ml O2/g/hr) occurred at midday. The 24 hr mean VO2 was 0.61 ml O2/g/hr. 7. These measurements suggest that in nature, determinants other than light may be responsible for triggering the variations observed in VO2.
 ...
PMID:Metabolism and evaporative heat loss in the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus kirki). 289 77

To understand the mechanisms of respiratory system compensation to internal loading during sleep, all-night sleep studies were performed in 10 patients with chronic stable asthma. We used noninvasive measurements to identify the onset of increased airway resistance in sleep. In each sleep study, we recorded arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and an array of electromyograms (diaphragm, external intercostal and sternomastoid) as well as thoracoabdominal motion. Only 4 patients developed acute asthma during sleep. A total of 6 such attacks were recorded. The attacks were detected by audible wheeze, augmentation of diaphragm, external intercostal and sternomastoid activity, associated with distinctive changes in thoracoabdominal motion. The duration of these acute asthmatic attacks ranged between 20 and 140 min. One attack started in stage I/II non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, 3 in stage III/IV NREM sleep, and 2 in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Acute asthma in NREM sleep resulted in a paradoxical inward displacement of the abdomen during early inspiration. Attacks occurring during REM sleep resulted in rib cage inward displacement during inspiration. Attacks occurring during REM sleep resulted in rib cage inward displacement during inspiration. Attacks occurring in both NREM and REM sleep did not result in a significant fall in SaO2. We conclude that acute internal respiratory loading during sleep can provoke different compensatory mechanisms in order to provide adequate ventilation in adult asthmatics.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory muscle activity and thoracoabdominal motion during acute episodes of asthma during sleep. 293 90

The present study compared the responses of rib cage and abdominal expiratory muscles to chemical and mechanical stimuli. In pentobarbital-anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs, electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from the triangularis sterni (TS) and transverse abdominis (TA) muscles using bipolar intramuscular wire electrodes. During resting oxygen breathing, both muscles were electrically active during expiration. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia significantly augmented the expiratory activity of both the TA and the TS. However, the mean percent increases in electrical activity in response to CO2 were substantially greater for the TA than for the TS at all PCO2 levels greater than 50 Torr (P less than 0.01). Occlusion of the airway at end inspiration significantly delayed the onset of TS EMG (from 0.35 +/- 0.07 to 3.35 +/- 0.67 sec; P less than 0.002) and decreased TS EMG rate of rise (P less than 0.002), but did not significantly alter these parameters for the TA. Esophageal distension increased TS EMG in all dogs (by mean of 220 +/- 64%; P less than 0.01), but in contrast decreased TA EMG in all dogs (by a mean of 63 +/- 12%; P less than 0.001). The response to esophageal distention occurred in a graded manner and appeared to be mediated predominantly via vagal afferents. We concluded that expiratory muscles of the rib cage and abdomen manifest substantial differences in their electrical responses to chemoreceptor, pulmonary stretch receptor, and esophageal mechanoreceptor stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Rib cage and abdominal expiratory muscle responses to CO2 and esophageal distension. 296 76

Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured in 29 asthmatic subjects. Minute ventilation was measured by a rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm displacement method. Expired gases were collected via a tight-fitting mask. Minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production all increased when subjects inspired room air via a mouthpiece (when compared with a tight-fitting mask). By contrast, minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production both decreased when supplementary oxygen replaced room air via the tight-fitting mask (p less than 0.001). No consistent changes in either inspiratory work (estimated from measurement of pleural pressure during quiet breathing), airway resistance, or physiologic dead space could be seen to accompany changes in minute ventilation. It is concluded that the oxygen cost of breathing in asthma is substantial.
 ...
PMID:Energy requirements of the respiratory musculature in asthma. 308 Aug 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>