Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using respiratory inductive plethysmography, we have measured rib cage and abdominal motion during isoflurane anaesthesia in 16 healthy day-surgery patients. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with 1 MAC isoflurane in air-oxygen via a laryngeal mask. Measurements were taken during both resting ventilation and hyperpnoea induced by rebreathing carbon dioxide. For resting ventilation, the rib cage contributed a mean (SD) of 33 (15)% of the total ventilation whilst awake, and 39 (12)% during anaesthesia (ns). With increasing end-tidal carbon dioxide whilst awake, the subjects showed a mean increase in the percentage rib cage contribution of 7.1 (12.5)%/kPa of carbon dioxide. With isoflurane anaesthesia, there was significant depression of this rib cage recruitment with the mean contribution decreasing by 3.6 (7.4)% kPa-1 (P less than 0.05). These results indicate that 1 MAC of isoflurane does not selectively depress rib cage motion, except during carbon dioxide stimulated hyperpnoea.
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PMID:Rib cage contribution to resting and carbon dioxide stimulated ventilation during 1 MAC isoflurane anaesthesia. 183 70

To examine the ventilatory effects of sevoflurane, breathing pattern, airway occlusion pressure waveform, and the mechanical variables of the respiratory system were determined in seven subjects anesthetized with sevoflurane and in an additional seven subjects anesthetized with halothane. All patients breathed 1 MAC of anesthetic using oxygen as the carrier gas, and the measurements were performed in the absence of surgical stimulation. The durations of inspiration and expiration were significantly longer during sevoflurane than during halothane administration. Tidal volumes were larger in the sevoflurane group than in the halothane group. Occlusion pressure waveforms were also markedly different between the two groups. Occlusion pressure during the initial 300-400 ms tended to be less in the sevoflurane-anesthetized than in the halothane-anesthetized subjects. There was no evidence of an active Hering-Breuer reflex with either anesthetic. Mechanical variables of the respiratory system were essentially identical between the two anesthetics. We conclude that (a) the ventilatory effects of halothane and sevoflurane are different, (b) the difference in the respiratory timing and depth of breathing originates from the action of the anesthetics on the central respiratory neural network, and (c) the different shape of the tracheal occlusion pressure may be largely due to the different effects of halothane and sevoflurane on the muscles of the rib cage.
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PMID:Breathing pattern and occlusion pressure waveform in humans anesthetized with halothane or sevoflurane. 186 27

Our studies provide evidence that thiols, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, inhibit both spontaneous mutations and induced mutations in bacteria, prevent the in vivo formation of carcinogen-DNA adducts, and suppress or delay the development of tumors or preneoplastic lesions in rodents. N-Acetylcysteine and other thiols exert antioxidant activity toward superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen, assessed in bacterial genotoxicity models. In addition, several other mechanisms were shown to contribute to their antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities, in the extracellular environment and in nontarget or target cells. These mechanisms include blocking of electrophilic metabolites and of direct-acting compounds, either of endogenous or exogenous source, modulation of several xenobiotic-metabolizing pathways, and protection of DNA-dependent nuclear enzymes. Chemoprevention of mutation and cancer by thiols is particularly useful under conditions of reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion due to toxic agents or to cancer-associated viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or viral hepatitis B.
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PMID:Antioxidant activity and other mechanisms of thiols involved in chemoprevention of mutation and cancer. 192 3

Both exercise and inspiratory flow-resistive loading may cause recruitment of expiratory muscles. To evaluate the extent of recruitment in combined exercise and flow-resistive loading, and to estimate the effect on inspiratory muscle work, we studied five men, 26 to 39 yr of age, during mild exercise with different degrees of inspiratory flow-resistive loading. Each subject performed four 1-h exercise runs at 30% of their maximal oxygen consumption on different days while inspiring through an external resistor of either 1.4, 14.5, 19.9, or 30.6 cm H2O/s/L. Mouth and esophageal pressure, inspiratory flow rate, and abdominal and rib cage motion were recorded continuously. Abdominal expansion tended to lead and rib cage expansion tended to lag the start of inspiration as judged from the beginning of negative pressure development at the mouth. These time differences increased as resistive load increased. Plots of abdominal versus rib cage motion also showed increase in phase shift, with the abdomen leading the rib cage on inspiration. For all subjects, the esophageal pressure at the end of expiration became less negative as the resistive load increased, indicating that the end-expiratory volume decreased with increasing resistive load. We conclude that there was increasing use of expiratory muscles as the resistive load increased, and that the initial expansion of the abdomen at high resistive loads represented elastic recoil of structures that had been compressed below the volume at FRC by the expiratory muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Expiratory muscle recruitment during inspiratory flow-resistive loading and exercise. 206 16

Argon, nitrogen, nitrous oxide were administered hyperbarically in doses (atmosphere) that caused loss of righting reflex (LORR). Nitrous oxide requires pressure somewhat less than two atmospheres, eighteen atmospheres were required for argon and thirty-six atmospheres roughly for nitrogen all in 0.5 atmospheres oxygen. Loss of righting reflex was assessed by using a rolling cage method of Wilson and Miller. Since nitrogen is the least liposoluble and nitrous oxide the most liposoluble of these three gases, greater pressures were needed for nitrogen to attain sufficient concentration in the membrane for anesthesia. Due to the low lipid solubility (1.4), nitrous oxide was administered hyperbarically at a compression rate of less than 0.5 atm/min at chamber temperature of 86 degrees plus or minus 2 degrees. Body temperatures were measured by minimitter transmitters. Two types of transmitters: an AM frequency and an FM frequency were used; a comparison of the two systems were made. The ED50 (atmospheres) required to produce a given score on the LORR were determined for each strain or line of mice. This ED50 value was determined for the Hot and Cold selection lines which have been specifically bred to differ as much as possible in a hypothermic response to acute doses of ethanol. These experiments demonstrate quite clearly a degree of commonality exists among CNS depressants with regard to anesthesia, loss of righting reflex and hypothermia.
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PMID:Commonalities between gas anesthetics (nitrous oxide, nitrogen and/or argon) and ethanol intoxication in hot and cold selection line mice. 206 46

The fullerenes C60 and C70 were first identified in carbon vapour produced by laser irradiation of graphite, and have recently been produced in macroscopic quantities by vaporization of graphite with resistive heating. It has also been suggested that fullerenes might be formed in sooting flames, and indeed all-carbon ions with mass/charge ratios suggestive of fullerenes have been detected in flames. These species were assumed to have the cage structures of fullerenes, but the mass spectroscopic evidence could not establish this conclusively. We have now collected samples of condensible compounds and soot from hydrocarbon combustion under a range of conditions, and analysed these using conventional techniques in an effort to detect fullerenes. Spectroscopic studies reveal the presence of C60 and C70 in yields and ratios that depend on temperature, pressure, carbon/oxygen ratio and residence time in the flame. Control of these conditions allows optimal yields of 3 g of fullerenes per kilogram of fuel carbon burned, and variation of the C70/C60 ratio over the range 0.26-5.7.
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PMID:Fullerenes C60 and C70 in flames. 206 75

The effects of acute hypoxia on the recruitment of external intercostal muscle activity were determined in 12 kittens, aged 14 to 36 days. The animals were anesthetized with 1.23 +/- 0.23% halothane and bipolar electrodes were placed in the costal and crural diaphragm and in dorsal external intercostal muscles. Acute hypoxia was induced by the animals breathing 13% oxygen; arterial gases were sampled during baseline conditions and at 1 and 5 min after induction of hypoxia. Peak-moving average (PA) and minute electromyogram (EMG) activity (PA x f) were recorded during baseline conditions and at 1 and 5 min after onset of acute hypoxia. At 1 min of acute hypoxia, PA and PA x f of the costal diaphragm, crural diaphragm, and external intercostal muscles were significantly increased above baseline values (P less than 0.01). After 5 min of acute hypoxia, PA of all three muscles remained elevated above baseline values (P less than 0.05) but PA x f returned toward baseline levels. Respiratory frequency remained unchanged during the hypoxic stimulus. These data document that the newborn is capable of increasing inspiratory external intercostal muscle EMG activity during acute hypoxia. We speculate that this phasic recruitment could be of physiologic benefit to the newborn by stabilizing the complaint chest wall and by increasing the contribution of rib cage expansion to tidal breathing.
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PMID:External intercostal muscle activity during acute hypoxia in the kitten. 212 46

Chlorinated phenols, which are used primarily as wood preservatives and fungicides, are present in most air, water, and soil samples in industrialized areas as well as in the urine of most people. We have examined the ability of phenol and the 19 isomers of chlorophenol to induce DNA damage using the Microscreen prophage-induction assay in Escherichia coli. Seven of the isomers (2,3,4,-tri, 2,4,5-tri, 3,4,5-tri, 2,3,4,5-tetra, 2,3,6-tri, 2,4,6-tri, and pentachlorophenol) induced prophage lambda in the presence of S9, with the first three being approximately 10 times more potent than the last three. The more potent isomers have either one or no chlorine atom ortho to the OH group; whereas the less potent isomers have two chlorine atoms ortho to the OH group. Although none of the 20 compounds is mutagenic in Salmonella, the prophage-induction results agree with findings by others that most of these seven isomers are clastogenic, are associated with cancer and chromosomal aberrations in humans (pentachlorophenol), and are carcinogenic in rodents (2,4,6-tri and pentachlorophenol). A likely basis for the genotoxicity of the seven isomers involves the metabolism of the parent isomer to a chlorohydroquinone, which can form a chlorobenzosemiquinone in the presence of oxygen. These two metabolites can produce free radicals that can cause DNA strand breaks, resulting in prophage induction in E. coli or, possibly, the chromosomal aberrations/cancer associated with human exposure to chlorophenols.
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PMID:Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols. 213 84

Companion animal exposures to volatile hydrocarbons and turpentine accounted for 2% of all calls received by the IAPIC in 1987. Volatile hydrocarbons are also used as vehicle solvents (e.g., pesticides), and both vehicle and active ingredients pose a significant hazard to companion animals. The most significant clinical effects of the hydrocarbons are related to aspiration pneumonia. The likelihood of aspiration is generally related to the compound's viscosity, with more volatile and most widely available compounds posing the greatest risk. Treatment generally is conservative. Gastrointestinal decontamination methods (e.g., emetics and activated charcoal administration) are used only in massive ingestions or when other toxicants are present in conjunction with the hydrocarbons. Oxygen therapy and cage rest are recommended for the dyspneic animal. Close monitoring of an exposed animal and symptomatic care as needed are also recommended for at least 12 hours after exposure.
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PMID:Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Petroleum distillates and turpentine. 218 Jan 92

The singlet and triplet states of the anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone) dehydrodimer have been produced selectively in benzene via pulsed laser excitation and pulse radiolysis respectively. The lifetime of S1 is less than or equal to 30 ps, that of T1 short but unspecified. Both states fragment spontaneously to yield a pair of anthralin radicals. The singlet radical pair predominantly undergoes geminate recombination within the solvent cage. In contrast, the corresponding triplet radical pair undergoes essentially exclusive cage escape to give the anthralin free radical (lambda max 370, 490 and 720 nm) which recombines under normal diffusive conditions. Both recombination processes lead, at least in part, to one or more species which have been assigned as tautomeric forms of the original dimer. The anthralin free radical in benzene is insensitive to the vitamin E model 6-hydroxy-2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman and reacts only slowly with oxygen.
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PMID:Anthralin-derived transients--II. Formation of the radical by spontaneous fragmentation of both singlet and triplet states of the 10,10'-dehydrodimer: radical pair multiplicity effects. 221 48


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