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 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats have hereditary retinal degeneration with associated posterior subcapsular opacities. A link between light, retinal degeneration, and cataracts may consist in peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of rod outer segment lipids to yield water-soluble toxic aldehydes that can traverse the vitreous and react with bow cells and posterior lens fibers. In an immune reaction to the retinal degeneration, macrophages multiply in the retina and in the cortex of the vitreous. In dystrophics, the cortical vitreous separates readily from attachments to retina, ciliary body and lens, and from the vitreous gel. This web-like structure was stained and spread on a counting chamber. Cells were counted at 15-130 postnatal days in pink- and black-eyed RCS dystrophics and in congenic controls to correlate numbers of cells, temporal and geographic patterns of retinal degeneration, and onset of opacities. Rats were reared in cyclic light (10-40 lux inside the cage) and fed a natural ingredient diet (NIH-07). Cortical vitreous cells increased markedly in pink- and black-eyed dystrophics at 50-53 days when slit-lamp detectable opacities occurred in both. The increase was 4.6-fold in pink- and 2.3-fold in black-eyed rats compared with controls. At 50-53 days, the dystrophy affected all quadrants of the retina severely in pink-eyed RCS but only the inferior periphery in black-eyed RCS. Consequently, severe degeneration in one quadrant may suffice to initiate an opacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Numbers of cortical vitreous cells and onset of cataracts in Royal College of surgeons rats. 198 1

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of genetic strain on the acute and long-term thermoregulatory response to the neurotoxicant trimethyltin (TMT) in rats of the Long-Evans (LE) and Fischer 344 (FCH) strains. In one study basic thermoregulatory responses including colonic temperature (Tc), metabolic rate (MR), evaporative water loss (EWL), motor activity (MA), and thermal conductance (Cd) were measured in both rat strains at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 10, 28, and 37 degrees C. It was found that the LE rat has a significantly higher Tc when it is measured in their home cage. Because of its smaller body mass the FCH rat has a higher MR at all Ta values. The FCH rat also has a greater rate of EWL during exposure to a Ta of 37 degrees C. Following iv administration of 8.0 mg/kg TMT both rat strains become significantly hypothermic; however, the effect differed significantly between the strains. At 26-34 d after TMT exposure thermoregulatory responses at Ta values of 10-37 degrees C were generally similar to that of the saline controls. Overall, the LE and FCH strains of rat exhibit some distinct thermoregulatory differences in response to changes in Ta.
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PMID:Comparison of rats of the Fischer 344 and Long-Evans strains in their autonomic thermoregulatory response to trimethyltin administration. 199 25

Two groups of rats (male, Long-Evans) were studied in a continuous access situation, in which ethanol, food and water intake patterns were monitored, 23 h/day. One group of rats was initiated to lever press for ethanol prior to study in the continuous access situation by use of a secondary-conditioning procedure. The other group had no prior initiation. It was found that the ethanol self-administration pattern of the initiated rats was similar to a previous study using another initiation procedure. After four weeks, the noninitiated group also demonstrated an ethanol intake pattern similar to initiated animals. However, the specific nature of individual ethanol drinking bouts in the noninitiated animals was found to be different, suggesting that initiation resulted in larger and more ethanol-drinking bouts. In addition, the noninitiated animals failed to show any home-cage shift in ethanol preference, which is observed after the use of the initiation procedures. The only major difference found between the sucrose-substitution initiation procedure and the secondary-conditioning procedure occurred when response requirements to obtain food were increased. In this situation, ethanol intake increased only in the sucrose-substitution initiated animals. The relation of this finding to the underlying theoretical basis for each type of initiation procedure is discussed.
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PMID:Ethanol self-administration in a nonrestricted access situation: effect of ethanol initiation. 200 85

Macrophages were harvested from home cage control (HCC) mice, and from mice which had been stressed by repeated brief exposures (3-8 min) to cold water at 10-15 degrees C twice daily for 8 or 14 days. Macrophages obtained from mice stressed 8 or 14 days compared to macrophages from HCC mice showed in vitro increased amounts of membrane-bound prothrombinase activity, whereas the thrombin degradation activity was unchanged. Furthermore, macrophages of mice stressed 8 days showed increased release of coagulation factor X/Xa to supernatant in vitro. These findings suggest an increased amount of prothrombinase complex enzymes on the surface of macrophages from mice stressed 8 days, and increased activity of the prothrombinase enzyme in macrophages from mice stressed 14 days. The synthesis of proteoglycans (PG) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was increased in macrophages from mice stressed 8 days compared to macrophages from HCC mice and mice stressed 14 days. When macrophages from mice stressed 8 days or HCC mice were stimulated in vitro with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and IL-1 or PMA and IL-2, a changed PG/GAG synthesis was observed only in macrophages from the HCC animals. Furthermore, both the tumour cytotoxicity and the released tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were decreased from macrophages from mice stressed 14 days compared to HCC mice. The results suggest that the macrophages of stressed mice have an altered mode of function more complex than a simple general suppression or activation.
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PMID:The effect of stress in vivo on the function of mouse macrophages in vitro. 204 61

Both exercise and inspiratory flow-resistive loading may cause recruitment of expiratory muscles. To evaluate the extent of recruitment in combined exercise and flow-resistive loading, and to estimate the effect on inspiratory muscle work, we studied five men, 26 to 39 yr of age, during mild exercise with different degrees of inspiratory flow-resistive loading. Each subject performed four 1-h exercise runs at 30% of their maximal oxygen consumption on different days while inspiring through an external resistor of either 1.4, 14.5, 19.9, or 30.6 cm H2O/s/L. Mouth and esophageal pressure, inspiratory flow rate, and abdominal and rib cage motion were recorded continuously. Abdominal expansion tended to lead and rib cage expansion tended to lag the start of inspiration as judged from the beginning of negative pressure development at the mouth. These time differences increased as resistive load increased. Plots of abdominal versus rib cage motion also showed increase in phase shift, with the abdomen leading the rib cage on inspiration. For all subjects, the esophageal pressure at the end of expiration became less negative as the resistive load increased, indicating that the end-expiratory volume decreased with increasing resistive load. We conclude that there was increasing use of expiratory muscles as the resistive load increased, and that the initial expansion of the abdomen at high resistive loads represented elastic recoil of structures that had been compressed below the volume at FRC by the expiratory muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Expiratory muscle recruitment during inspiratory flow-resistive loading and exercise. 206 16

Although caffeine may be the most widely used behaviorally active drug, few studies have examined its rewarding properties. In the present study, the designs of place-conditioning and taste-conditioning paradigms were combined in a single experiment to provide two independent measures of drug reward. During 3 preconditioning sessions, undrugged rats received access to 2 distinctive chambers connected by a small tunnel. During the 8-session conditioning phase, groups were given home cage access to either a sweet or salty solution, administered caffeine (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0 mg/kg IP; 30.0 mg/kg SC), and confined to one of the chambers. On alternate sessions, rats were given home cage access to the remaining solution, injected with the vehicle, and confined to the opposite chamber. On test sessions 1 and 2, undrugged animals were given home cage access to one of the flavored solutions and water, and then allowed access to both conditioning chambers. On test session 3, rats were given access to both flavored solutions, injected with the drug used during conditioning, and again allowed access to both chambers. Caffeine (3.0 mg/kg) produced a significant place preference. The highest dose (30.0 mg/kg IP and SC) produced significant place and taste aversions. A control group given (+)-amphetamine illustrated a significant place preference and taste aversion as expected. Thus caffeine appeared to produce a dose-dependent biphasic effect; a lower dose was rewarding, whereas higher doses produced aversions to environmental stimuli associated with the drug.
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PMID:Caffeine-induced place and taste conditioning: production of dose-dependent preference and aversion. 206 88

The effects of three early ethanol home cage consumption procedures on the maintenance of operant lever responding reinforced by ethanol presentation were examined in the rat. Two groups of rats, 25 and 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% (v/v) ethanol as the only fluid in the home cage for 3 or 10 days. A third group, 31 days of age, were exposed to 10% ethanol or tap water for 24 h, with the fluid alternating daily for 18 days. All animals were subsequently trained to lever press using 10% ethanol reinforcement under a decreasing water restriction schedule. All three groups were found to have substantial ethanol consumption levels during the initial exposure in the home cage, ranging from 11.2 to 11.9 g/kg/day. The animals were all successfully trained to lever press in the operant chamber with ethanol as the reinforcer when limited to 15 ml/day of water in the home cage. The average number of reinforcements per day ranged from 29 to 43.5, yielding ethanol intakes from 1.06 to 1.97 g/kg in the 30-minute operant session. However, when 50 ml/day of water was available in the home cage, ethanol reinforcements were substantially reduced, with intakes which ranged from 0.14 to 0.18 g/kg/day. The data suggest that early exposure does not enhance ethanol's reinforcing properties later in the animal's life. These results were discussed in terms the effect of early ethanol exposure on later ethanol consumption and the role of ethanol initiation procedures in oral self-administration.
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PMID:The influence of early postweaning ethanol exposure on oral self-administration behavior in the rat. 206 93

1. This study was designed to determine whether or not endogenous prostaglandins (PG) contribute to the healing of gastric ulcers induced by high concentrations of ethanol or water immersion stress. 2. Ethanol-induced gastric lesions; rats were divided into four groups: (1) the control group: untreated; (2) the indomethacin group: indomethacin (2 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly (i.m.) once daily until the end of the experiment; (3) the ethanol group: rats were given 1 mL of 50% ethanol intragastrically; (4) the ethanol + indomethacin group: indomethacin (2 mg/kg) was injected (i.m.) once daily from 1 h after administration of 50% ethanol until the end of the experiment. 3. Water immersion stress-induced gastric lesions; rats were divided into three groups: (1) control group: untreated; (2) stress group: rats were placed in a stress cage and immersed into a water bath (23 degrees C) for 6 h; (3) stress + indomethacin group: indomethacin (2 mg/kg) was injected (i.m.) once daily for 3 consecutive days immediately after stress treatment or from 3 days after stress treatment until the end of the experiment. 4. Immediately after observation of the lesions, the fundic mucosal layer was separated from the muscle layer and mucosal PG levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in each group. 5. Indomethacin did not inhibit ulcer healing until 48 h after administration in the ethanol experiment, and until 3 days after administration in the water immersion experiment. In contrast, indomethacin inhibited ulcer healing thereafter in each experiment respectively. 6. Four kinds of PG, that is 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and PGD2 were detected in gastric mucosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Relationship between gastric mucosal prostaglandin levels and healing of gastric lesions in rats. 207 3

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1-2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also, the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy findings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identified as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa et Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July. The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature forms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.
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PMID:[Prophylactic and therapeutic studies on intestinal giant-cystic disease of the Israel carp caused by Thelohanellus kitauei. I. Course of formation and vanishment of the cyst]. 209

This investigation studied the effects of a shift from a mixed diet to a lactovegetarian diet on some cancer-associated bacterial enzymes in human feces (beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, and sulphatase). Three months after the shift to the lactovegetarian diet, there was a significant decrease in beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, and sulphatase activities per gram feces wet weight (p less than 0.05, less than 0.05, and less than 0.001, respectively). In contrast, glucuronide and glucoside hydrolysis remained unchanged per gram dry weight, although sulphatase activity was still significantly lowered when expressed this way (p less than 0.01). However, the fecal excretion increased significantly (p less than 0.05). Part of the explanation for the decreased enzyme activities is obviously a dilution effect, because much of the increased fecal weight after the shift in diet was associated with a higher water content. The higher water content was probably due to a higher fiber intake (p less than 0.001). Thus, the results in this paper indicate that a change from a mixed diet to a lactovegetarian diet leads to a decrease in certain enzyme activities proposed to be risk factors for colon cancer.
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PMID:Shift from a mixed diet to a lactovegetarian diet: influence on some cancer-associated intestinal bacterial enzyme activities. 212 19


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