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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The apparatus consists of a home cage, a maze cage and a starting box. A maze with four right-middle-left decisions was placed in the maze cage. The starting box was attached and a water tap was placed at an area corresponding to the entrance of the maze. The exit of the maze and the home cage are connected with a tunnel. Food was placed in the home cage. 1) Mice were housed for 10 hr a day in the apparatus and then removed to another cage for fasting. One trial a day was carried out after fasting for more than 12 hr. In each trial, a mouse was put at the starting box, and then the number of errors (entering a blind alley) and the time until the mouse reached the home cage were counted. The mouse passed through the maze with a small number of errors and time. 2) Administration of scopolamine (0.125-0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to a mouse that had mastered the maze transiently disturbed the maze performance dose-dependently. 3) Mice were housed for 4 hr a day. Scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either before or after the housing. Scopolamine disturbed the maze performance in the case of both procedures. These results suggest that the method is useful for estimating the memory in mice.
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PMID:[A simple multiple maze test to estimate learning and memory in mice: application to the effect of scopolamine on learning and memory]. 180 13

2-O-[(S)-2-Hydroxypropyl]cyclomaltoheptaose crystallises in the monoclinic space group P2(1) with unit-cell dimensions a = 15.072(1), b = 10.409(1), c = 20.623(2) A, and beta = 108.52(1) degrees. The structure was solved by X-ray diffraction and refined to an R-value of 0.096. The macrocyclic ring of the cyclomaltoheptaose moiety is less symmetrical than that in cyclomaltoheptaose. The glucose residue that carries the hydroxypropyl group inclines much more with its primary hydroxyl side towards the inside of the macrocycle than the other glucose residues. The molecules are arranged in a herring-bone fashion to form a cage-type packing structure. The hydroxypropyl group is inserted into the cavity of an adjacent molecule related by a two-fold screw axis, and the hydroxyl group is linked to an HO-6 via OH...water...OH hydrogen bonds. The crystal contains 8.5 water molecules which occupy 11 sites. Two water molecules are included at the primary hydroxyl side of the cyclomaltoheptaose cavity.
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PMID:Crystal structure of 2-O-[(S)-2-hydroxypropyl]cyclomaltoheptaose. 181 10

This study examined the effects of 11 wk of exercise training (E) on resting O2 uptake (RMR) and the composition of diet-induced weight loss in obese male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48). The rats underwent one of three levels of dietary treatment: ad libitum (AL), moderate restriction (MR), and severe restriction (SR). Compared with AL-CC (cage confined; 647 +/- 13 g), the AL-E (84% of AL-CC), MR-CC (77%), MR-E (77%), SR-CC (63%), and SR-E (63%) groups were all reduced in body mass. At the MR level, E significantly reduced fat mass (FM; MR-CC 73 +/- 5, MR-E 45 +/- 5 g) and increased water mass (WM; MR-CC 307 +/- 5, MR-E 329 +/- 5 g) compared with CC. In contrast, no significant differences existed between the SR-CC and SR-E groups. Exercise training did not result in conservation of protein mass at any level of dietary intake. Exercise training significantly elevated RMR (on a kg0.75 basis) by approximately 7% for the AL-E and MR-E groups compared with their respective dietary counterparts. These findings may help reconcile the conflicting results present in the literature with respect to the effects of exercise training during diet-induced weight loss. That is, studies using relatively severe dietary restrictions are less likely to demonstrate exercise-induced changes in RMR, FM, and WM than those employing moderate dietary restrictions.
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PMID:Exercise training elevates RMR during moderate but not severe dietary restriction in obese male rats. 186 8

Male spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) were challenged with several putative dipsogenic stimulus conditions: hypertonic sodium chloride (NaCl), 24-h water deprivation, d,l-isoproterenol HCl, angiotensin II (AII) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), or control conditions, in within-subjects designs. Water intake and drinking pattern were monitored electronically in the home cage over a 2--6-h test period without food present, during the light portion of the L/D cycle. In addition, hematocrits were measured following several treatments and mean arterial blood pressure was monitored in response to several doses of AII. As expected, both water deprivation and hypertonic NaCl led to robust drinking with short latencies. PEG was also an effective dipsogen; while quite variable, latencies were often shorter than are typically reported for the rat. Isoproterenol induced a modest, but significant, dose-related drinking. Interference by AII's prominent pressor action might account, at least in part, for its relative ineffectiveness as a dipsogen. Comparisons are made with other rodent species similarly challenged.
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PMID:Drinking behavior in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) following putative dipsogenic challenges. 187 Dec 4

Mice stressed daily by brief cold water immersions for 1, 8 or 14 days showed changes in immune system function which were dependent on the number of mice per cage, frequency of stress exposures and total number of stress exposures. Changed percentages of spleen B and CD4, but not of CD8 cells were determined when the mice were stressed either once or twice daily. With CD4 cells, increased percentages were seen after stress once daily but a decreased percentage was seen after stress twice daily. Furthermore, the Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell mitogenesis was decreased after 1 day of stress in mice stressed once daily as opposed to after 8 and 14 days of stress in mice stressed twice daily. After 14 days of stress, the lipopolysaccharide stimulated mitogenesis was increased if the mice were stressed once daily but decreased if the mice were stressed twice daily. With two mice per cage, we observed a decreased spleen cell mitogenesis after 14 days of stress. With four mice per cage, the spleen cell mitogenesis was decreased after 8 and 14 days of stress. If spleen cell populations from mice stressed twice daily for 8 days were depleted of macrophages and CD4 or CD8 cells, the effect of stress on the mitogenesis was removed from the CD8 cells. Spleen cells of mice stressed for 14 days showed a decreased mitogenesis when depleted of adherent cells and reconstituted with adherent cells from control mice. Furthermore, the adherent cells from these mice had decreased ability to support mitogenesis of adherent cell-depleted spleen cells from control mice as well as a decreased IL-1 production.
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PMID:The effect of various contexts of stress on the mouse spleen lymphocytes and macrophage co-stimulatory activity. 190 2

The transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during bilateral supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation at 1 Hz from surface stimulating electrodes was compared with pressures obtained from needle electrodes inserted under local anaesthesia. Surface electrodes were used to obtain diaphragmatic electromyograms and magnetometers to monitor rib cage and abdominal configuration. Twitch Pdi was recorded at functional residual capacity in three normal subjects. Mean (SD) twitch Pdi in the three subjects during stimulation with surface electrodes was 19.4 (1.8), 22.5 (1.1), and 29.3 (2.2) cm H2O compared with 12.9 (1.5), 17:4 (1.3), and 22.6 (3.0) cm H2O with needle stimulating electrodes. Thus phrenic nerve stimulation with needle electrodes was more complicated and more invasive than stimulation with surface electrodes and resulted in lower transdiaphragmatic pressures.
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PMID:Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure: surface versus needle electrode stimulation. 194 98

Preferences for food-related odors and the effects of fasting on those preferences were investigated during rat bar pressing for brief odor presentation. A rat was housed in an equilateral octagonal cage and had free access to food and water, except during fasting. Among 8 food-related odor substances (black pepper, cheese, coffee, milk, nut, peppermint, plum and orange), black pepper, milk and coffee were most preferred, and cheese was least preferred, but even the bar pressing rate for cheese was above the operant level. This data indicates that all 8 odors were preferred by rats, although there were different degrees of preference in individual animals. Fasting substantially increased the rate of bar pressing for odors and changed the odors preferences. This result was probably due to increased search for food and water. Since bar pressing was reinforced by nothing other than odor presentation, the results reveal inherent odor preferences of rats.
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PMID:Rat preference for food-related odors. 195 35

The water layers interspacing between the phospholipid membranes of a multilamellar vesicle are 3-10 water layers across and their width is adjusted by osmotic pressure (Parsegian, V.A., et al., 1986. Methods Enzymol. 127:400-416). In these thin water layers we dissolved pyranine (8 hydroxypyrene 1,3,6 trisulfonate), a compound which, upon photo excitation, ejects it hydroxy proton with time constant of 100 psec. (Gutman, M. 1986. Methods Enzymol. 127:522-538). In the present study we investigated how the width of the aqueous layer, the density of phosphomoieties on the membrane's surface and the activity of water in the layer affect the capacity of protons to diffuse out from the electrostatic cage of the excited anion before it decays to the ground state. Using a combination of steady-state and subnanosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements we determined the average number of proton excited-anion recombinations before the proton escapes from the Coulomb cage. The probability of recombination in thin water layer is significantly higher than in bulk. The factor contributing most to enhancement of recombination is the diminished water activity of the thin aqueous layer. The time frame for proton escape from an electrostatic trap as big as a membrane-bound protein is 3 orders of magnitude shorter than turnover time of membrane-bound enzymes. Thus the effects of local forces on proton diffusion, at the time scale of physiological processes, is negligible.
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PMID:Proton dissociation dynamics in the aqueous layer of multilamellar phospholipid vesicles. 196 4

The aim of the present study was to define the behavioral correlates of chronic exposure of adult rats to flumazenil (4 mg/kg/day X 21 days in drinking water). In the holeboard test, performed on day 13 of drug treatment, the animals showed a significantly greater interest for the holes under which objects were placed than for the holes without objects (p less than 0.03), while there was no such difference in the control group. In the plus-maze test, the flumazenil-treated animals spent significantly more time on open arms and left less fecal boluses than the controls when tested in the third week of treatment and 24 hours after flumazenil withdrawal. In the drinking-punishment test, conducted on days 3, 6 and 10 after drug withdrawal, the drug-exposed animals, following shock experience, did not significantly alter their unpunished drinking in subsequent trials, while the control rats significantly reduced (p less than 0.003) their unpunished drinking. Also, the punished drinking revealed a significant "anticonflict" effect of prior exposure to flumazenil (p less than 0.006) which was still observed 6 days after drug withdrawal. There were no group differences in the home-cage food and water consumption during flumazenil treatment; also, the drug treatment had no effect on nociceptive threshold. In summary, chronic treatment with a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, increased exploratory activity and had a lasting anxiolytic effect.
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PMID:Chronic exposure to flumazenil: anxiolytic effect and increased exploratory behavior. 197 Nov 10

The behavior of rats administered chronic neuroleptics was observed using an extremely sensitive, computerized device which detected any cage movements, thereby continuously monitoring even very small levels of activity. In the first experiment, it was found that normal rats have a strong rest-activity rhythm with a cycle length of 60-70 min, whereas rats which have been chronically administered either haloperidol (HAL) or fluphenazine (FLU) decanoate for 20 months show a distinct lengthening of this cycle and that this effect persists long after cessation of drug injections. In a second experiment, it was further observed that these lengthened rest-activity cycles also occur when HAL is administered chronically either via osmotic minipumps or in the drinking water, but not following the chronic administration of two atypical neuroleptics (clozapine and raclopride). These findings suggest a useful new technique for the study of side-effects of neuroleptics in rats.
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PMID:Chronic administration of typical, but not atypical neuroleptics induce persisting alterations in rest-activity cycles in rats. 197 77


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