Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of dexamethasone phosphate (DEX) administered in rats' drinking water on running activity and open field behavior was investigated. In Experiment 1 males were given DEX continuously from either five days or one day prior to and throughout testing. Only 5 day treatment significantly increased running wheel activity. DEX had no significant effect on males' 4 day open field activity, but significantly reduced open field and home cage defecation. In Experiment 2 females given DEX defecated significantly more in the open field than controls. This effect on females does not appear to be due to a general metabolic change, since DEX females, like males, defecated significantly less than controls in the home cage. Females' open field activity was not significantly affected. Weight loss and plasma corticosterone analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the dosage used. There appears to be a sex difference in the effects of DEX on open field defecation, possibly due to interaction with gonadal hormones.
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PMID:Sex differences in the effects of dexamethasone phosphate on behavior in rats. 115 33

The hemoproteins (sperm whale myoglobin, hemoglobin from larvae of Chironomus thummi thummi, bovine hemoglobin) were studied in viscous solvents (saturated sucrose solution, glycerol and water-glycerol solutions) in the temperature range +50 divided by -100 degrees C. At low temperatures the three-phase kinetics of Mb recombination with CO was observed. The velocities of two "fast" reactions did not depend on ligand concentration. This fact indicates that they are due to a so called cage-effect. The formation of the cage is caused apparently by a local change of the solvent state in the heme region. To explain the biphasic "cage" kinetics it has been assumed that during some time after photodissociation myoglobin remains in the "ligand-bound" conformation and reacts with CO faster than the "normal" myoglobin. For other hemoproteins the "cage-effect" was not observed. For all the studied hemoproteins the quantum yield of photodissociation decreased as the temperature decreased. The decrease of quantum yield can be described by the Arrenius law. The rates of the decrease of quantum yield differ for different proteins.
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PMID:[The flash-photolysis study of recombination of hemoproteins with carbon monoxide at low temperatures]. 121 83

A method was developed for producing and measuring territorial aggression in male CF-1 laboratory mice using a simple apparatus. The technique is based on data collected from approximately 1000 CF-1 mice in order to establish the parameters and optimize the procedures. In this technique the mouse takes up lone residence for 24 hr in a 60 cm square box attached by a tubular runway to a standard mouse (home) cage with food, water, and bedding. After this interval, a naive intruder male CF-1 mouse of the same age is introduced. Under control (no treatment) conditions, 85-90 percent of the resident mice will attack the intruder with a latency of about 5 min and all residents attacking the intruder are dominant. Dominance or submission is typically decided within the first 20 min of the test. Data on 10 pairs of mice can be collected simultaneously by one observer. Treatments can be assessed in terms of their effects on the production of aggression (percentage of animals attacking) in either the resident or the intruder, and on the level of aggression produced by recording the latency to attack, the frequency of attacks, and the number of animals wounded (showing blood) during the 20 min observation period. The advantages of the technique include the use of a naturally occurring aggressive behavior (as opposed to techniques empolying long periods of isolation, shock, or drugs), the highly reliable occurrence of aggression, the ability to study animals exposed to either aggression or defeat, the clear and valid measures of aggression produced, the simple and sturdy apparatus, and the convenience and economy of data collection.
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PMID:Technique for producing and measuring territorial aggression using laboratory mice. 123 5

Rats were exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) vapour for about five five-day weeks at concentrations from 100 to 1 000 ppm, and at 100 ppm for 12 1/2 weeks. The social behaviour of paired male rats was observed periodically in the home cage for five minutes after they had been exposed to TCE. The principal finding was a consistent reduction of up to 24% in the total acitivity. A single day's exposure to TCE was sufficient at the highest concentration. At 100 ppm, a similar decline in activity was significant after 1 1/2 weeks' exposure in one experiment and 8 1/2 weeks' in another. The decline in activity was fairly uniform and not usually because of specific reductions in particular kinds of behaviour. However, exploration of the cage and submission to, or escape from, the other rat were sometimes specifically reduced. In an 'exploration-thirst' test, rats were deprived of water overnight and placed on two or three occasions in a previously unfamiliar cage. Rats exposed to 100, 200, or 1 000 ppm TCE found water and began drinking sooner than their controls without altering the rate of movement about the cage. These results suggest lowered performance in a familiar situation where rats are usually very active and some loss of inhibitory control in an unfamiliar one. At the present threshold limit value, repeated exposure to TCE eventually had effects similar to those of one day's exposure to a higher concentration, but only after a widely variable delay.
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PMID:Behaviour of rats exposed to trichloroethylene vapour. 123 3

Male albino rats were cannulated and placed on a 24 hr water deprivation schedule. The animals were allowed 10 min access to water in a large animal cage for 5 days. On the sixth day of deprivation the animals were randomly divided into 6 groups and given either 12 percent KCl, 25 percent KCl, or Ringers solution applied unilaterally or bilaterally to the cortex immediately after access to 8 percent sucrose. On the seventh day of deprivation, each rat was placed in a two-choice situation with the sucrose solution and water. Only the unilateral and bilateral 12 percent KCl groups developed an aversion to the sucrose. These results indicate that CSD has aversive as well as amnesic properties, there exists a gradient of amnesia, dependent on concentration, and that the cortex is not necessary for learning a taste aversion.
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PMID:Learned taste aversion induced by cortical spreading depression. 123 22

Only some of the diverse factors that can affect drug disposition and response in laboratory animals have been identified at the present time. These numerous factors contribute to large day-to-day variations that have become a major problem impeding investigation of drug disposition and response in laboratory animals. Although these variations render many experiments difficult to interpret and produce large discrepancies in the literature, few published investigations using laboratory animals provide sufficient details to permit replication of the studies under similar conditions with respect to these variables. Thus, the importance of these variables in affecting results is apparently insufficiently recognized at present. Two commonly overlooked variables affecting the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes (HME) in rodents and hence the rate at which rodents eliminate from their bodies many foreign compounds are the bedding under the wire mesh cage and the relative cleanliness of the environment. Numerous chemicals present in relatively low concentrations in the environment of the animal room can significantly alter HME activity. Representative of these chemicals are aromatic hydrocarbons in cedarwood bedding, eucalyptol from aerosol sprays, and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, each of which induces HME activity, whereas ammonia generated from feces and urine accumulated in unchanged pans under cages may inhibit HME activity. Chloroform, identified as an environmental contaminant of the water and air of certain cities, exhibits sex and strain differences with respect to toxicity (LD50) in mice. After intraperitoneal injection, twice as much chloroform accumulated in the kidneys of males from the sensitive strain (DBA/2J) as from the resistant (C57BL/6J) strain. First generation offspring were midway between parental strains both with respect to LD50 and renal accumulation of chloroform.
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PMID:Environmental and genetic factors affecting the response of laboratory animals to drugs. 126 7

In experiment situation was created of "free choice", which was characterized by the reinforcement of any succession of bottle-nosed dolphin action on the manipulators, placed in the open-air cage under the condition of pressing three definite levers in the required order independently of the number of "superfluous" reactions before and between necessary actions. In the first series of the experiments with eight above-water levers no succession of actions leading to the reinforcement was formed in the bottle-nosed dolphin [correction of aphaline]. In the second series with eight under-water manipulators--both experimental dolphins regularly reached the reinforcement. Stereotype trajectories of movements in the cage were formed, which included swimming past the levers and successive actions on them. Minimum chain of motor reactions was not formed, though some of "superfluous" levers were not pressed. At solving the task efferent generalization in dolphins in both series of experiments was manifested in two ways: the animals reacted in different ways on one and the same manipulator and pressed different levers.
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PMID:[The formation of a complex habit in Black Sea bottle-nosed dolphins under free-choice conditions]. 131 17

The nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation rates of water protons are reported for solutions of manganese(II), copper(II), and chromium(III) cage complexes of the sarcophagine type. As simple aqueous solutions, the complexes are only modest magnetic relaxation agents, presumably because they lack protons on atoms in the first-coordination-sphere protons that are sufficiently labile to mix the large relaxation rate at the metal complex with that of the bulk solvent. The relaxation is approximately modeled using spectral density functions derived for translational diffusion of the interacting dipole moments with the modification that the electron spin relaxation rate is directly included as a contribution to the correlation time. In all cases studied, the electron spin relaxation rate is sufficiently large that it contributes directly to the water-proton spin relaxation process. The poor relaxation efficiency of the cage compound may, however, be improved dramatically by binding the complex to a protein. The efficiency is improved even further if the rotational motion of the protein is reduced drastically by an intermolecular cross-linking reaction. The relaxation efficiency of the cross-linked protein-cage complexes rivals that of the best first-coordination-sphere relaxation agents like [Gd(DTPA)(H2O)]2- and [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]-.
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PMID:Nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation of water protons caused by metal cage compounds. 131 46

Gravid Sprague-Dawley CD (VAF) rats received 50 mg/kg (d,l)-methamphetamine (MA) HCl (expressed as free base, N = 15) or distilled water (N = 6) by SC injection x 2/day in a 3 ml/kg volume on embryonic (E) days 7-12. Control rats were pair-fed to MA-exposed dams on days E7-18. No control dams failed to deliver; however, of 15 MA-exposed dams 4 did not deliver (2 died and 2 had completely resorbed litters). One additional MA litter had all the offspring die shortly after birth. There was no difference between groups on offspring postnatal (P) body weight. The offspring exposed prenatally to MA had significantly lower olfactory orientation scores (P9, 11, 13) to their home cage scent. In a test of early activity (P10, 12, 14) the MA-exposed progeny were marginally less active than controls. MA-exposed offspring exhibited hyperreactivity and marginally shortened response latency on a test of acoustic startle (P27). Motor activity showed no differential response in MA treated or control offspring to MA (P63) or fluoxetine challenge (P70). However, the MA offspring were more active than controls with respect to central and side activity during the second week of testing. No group differences were found for performance in a straight swimming channel or on the number of errors committed or latency to escape in a complex (Cincinnati) water maze (P84). Prenatal exposure to MA also induced eye defects (i.e., anophthalmia, microphthalmia and folded retina) in 16.7% of the progeny. However, MA did not effect hippocampal or neostriatal monoamine levels when measured on P28.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preliminary evidence for methamphetamine-induced behavioral and ocular effects in rat offspring following exposure during early organogenesis. 136 24

Exploratory behavior and social interaction were investigated in rats that were reared in different social environments following neonatal injection with either water vehicle or the norepinephrine neurotoxin, DSP-4. At weaning, they were placed in a familiar or novel bedding type and were housed in either vehicle control-only, DSP-4-only, or mixed vehicle control and DSP-4 groups for 10 days. They were then observed in three different situations: the home cage, the cage of an unfamiliar rat, and an open field. Compared to rats housed in vehicle control-only or DSP-4-only groups, rats housed in mixed DSP-4 and vehicle control groups showed elevated exploration behavior in the home cage. Also, rats housed in mixed groups in the familiar bedding, but not the novel one, showed abnormally low levels of rearing in an open field test and reduced social interaction with unfamiliar rats. The implications of these results for a new animal model of anxiety are discussed.
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PMID:Housing influences exploration and social interaction of control and DSP-4-treated rats. 138 38


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