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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beams of diagnostic ultrasound passing through pleural effusions produce an irregular band of complex echoes, when such beams strike aerated lung. To simulate pleural effusions and study this fluid-gas interface, we scanned latex bags of water and air which lay in a water bath beneath a uniform portion of veal rib cage. The general shape of an air-containing object could be determined under these conditions. The display of the upper surface of the gas-filled object was broad and heterogeneous but this zone of distortion was thin in relation to the overlying fluid layer. Fluid thicknesses exceeding 1 cm could be detected under these conditions even when they abut gas-filled structures. These preliminary data suggest that complex artefacts occurring at fluid-gas interfaces during echography of laboratory models simulating pleural effusions would not preclude useful volumentric estimations of overlying fluid layers.
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PMID:Qualitative distortion at fluid-air interfaces during echography of simulated pleural effusions. 75 96

Catch-up in body weight, nose-rump length and tail length has been examined in male rats. At birth, pups from several females were pooled and reallocated to provide litters of 16 pups. In group 1, the number was reduced to 8 at day 8, in group 2 on day 15, group 3 were raised in large litters until weaning. Animals reared in litters of 8 were termed controls. All animals were weaned at 22 days, placed two to a cage and provided with food and water ad libitum. They were examined at intervals to day 120. Animals rehabilitated at 8 days had caught up in body weight and 97% of the length of controls on day 120. Rats rehabilitated on day 22 were 88% of the body weight and 97% of the body length of the controls at 120 days. None of the experimental groups achieved the same tail length as the controls. It was concluded that the data do not support the "time tally" mechanism of catch-up growth. This may be due to early timing of the experiment or an oversimplification of the mechanism. It was also concluded that catch-up following neonatal undernutrition in rats is greatly influenced by the normal growth pattern.
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PMID:Catch-up growth in rats undernourished for different periods during the suckling period. 80 43

The presence of ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys was explored in eleven animals equipped with mobility FM transmitters and placed alone or in pairs in laboratory cage situated in a sound proof, temperature controlled room, with food and water ad libitum. After an habituation period of 3 to 7 days, telemetric recordings of the mobility of the animals showed ultradian rhythms with a periodicity of 70 min during the daily 12-h light period. During the corresponding 12-h dark period, there were two dominant cycles of 103-144 min and 48 min respectively. Restriction of food and water to 1h/day did not change the duration of these cycles, and the presence of random noise also had little effect. Spontaneous behavior occurred in regular sequences within each cycle. Social relationships were found to affect rhythmicity of behavior, since pairs of monkeys synchronized their cycles. The lever press response recorded during auto-shaping showed the same rhythmicity found in mobility, demonstrating the influence of ultradian rhythms on learned behavior.
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PMID:Ultradian rhythms in the mobility and behavior of rhesus monkeys. 81 21

1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet throughout lactation. Their undernutrition continued postweaning from 25 to 42 d of age, after which they were fed ad lib. Control rats were well nourished at all times. 2. Behavioural assessment of thirst was carried out on adult males. These were deprived of water for 23 h/d throughout the period of testing. Compared to control rats, previously-undernourished (PU) rats pressed a lever at a higher rate in a Skinner box to gain a water reward, drank more frequently during their first 5 min in an unfamiliar cage, and tended to run more quickly down an alleyway for water. PU rats also drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) of a quinine solution (I g/l) when this was available to them ad lib. as their only source of fluid. 3. A second group of rats was growth-retarded during gestation and the suckling and early postweaning periods. The rats had free access to food from 42 d of age. In adulthood their ad lib. food and water consumption was measured. PU males ate and drank more (/kg body-weight 0-75) than control males. 4. These results indicate that adult rats which have been undernourished in early life display increased thirst. An attempt is made to explain this finding, together with their previously-demonstrated enhanced hunger drive, purely in terms of gross anatomical and physiological differences.
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PMID:Increased thirst and hunger in adult rats undernourished as infants: an alternative explanation. 86 Nov 92

In anesthetized subjects rib cage strapping (RCS) did not change tidal volume (VT) and increased ventilation (V), whereas abdomen strapping (AS) markedly decreased VT and V. Both kinds of strapping decreased expiratory duration (TE), but did not change inspiratory duration (TI) and breathing rate. RCS and AS decreased lung volume by about 200 ml and increased the elastance of the repiratory system by 12 cm H2O/1 and 9 CM H20/l, repectively. The changes produced are mainly due to mechanical factors, although reflexes also seem to be operating in some cases. In conscious subjects RCS decreased VT, TI, TE and did not change V, whereas AS did not change these parameters. The different changes in conscious and anesthetized subjects show the effects of cortical influences, which also partly explain the differen effects elicited in conscious subjects by RCS and AS. The effects produced by RCS are mainly due to the sensation of hindrance to rib cage expansion, rather than to that of rib cage squeezing, as shown by experiments of RCS without reduction of rib cage volume.
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PMID:Effects of uneven elastic loads on breathing pattern of anesthetized and conscious men. 87 45

This study examined the nature of a stimulus-induced decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels of rats. Rats maintained on a 23-hr food and water deprivation regimen were fed each morning immediately upon entrance of the experimenter into the otherwise isolated animal quarters. After only 14 feeding trials, the rats showed a marked decrease in corticosterone levels within 10 min of the experimenter's entrance whether fed and watered or not. The acquisition of this decrease was then examined over training trials and by comparing the conditioned animals (Group CD) with a group designed to control for pseudoconditioning, sensitization, and habituation (Group PC) during the use of the more distinctive conditioning stimulus of placing the rat's cage in a sound-attenuating chamber. During training. Group CD was fed .5-6 min after placement in the chamber, and Group PC was fed 1.5-2.5 hr before or after placement. After one training trial, the CD and PC groups showed an increase in corticosterone levels in response to chamber placement when not fed or watered. However, after 14 training trials the CD group exhibited a significant decline, whereas the PC group exhibited a rise in corticosterone levels. The results indicate that external stimuli can cause a decrease in corticosterone level by virtue of prior association with feeding and drinking. This strongly suggests an acquired inhibition of the pituitary-adrenal system.
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PMID:Conditioning decreases in plasma corticosterone level in rats by paring stimuli with daily feedings. 89 43

The metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5-ene steroids by testicular homogenates of heat-acclimatized and control mice was investigated in vitro. Acclimatization was achieved by keeping the animals in a hot room (33-35 degrees C, 25-40% R.H.) for 5 weeks. The control animals were kept in a temperate environment (20-22 degrees C, 30-50% R.H.). Some of the heat-acclimatized animals were supplied with additional water in a trough placed inside each cage (HAII mice). This source of water was used by the mice mainly for body cooling. A pronounced decrease in body weight and testis weight, and a smaller decrease in the weight of seminal vesicles which was associated with atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and hyperplasia of the Leydig cells was characteristic of heat-acclimatized mice with only drinking water available (HAI), but not of HAII mice. Although body cooling abolished the adverse physiological response described, it did not prevent specific changes in enzyme activity associated with androgen production. There was increased activity of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and isomerase, and of 5-ene-17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These data offer partial explanation for the lower peripheral blood testosterone level observed in some species of heat-acclimatized mammals.
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PMID:Effect of heat acclimatization on testicular enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis via the 5-ene pathway. 90 10

Lever pressing of four rats was maintained under a multiple fixed ratio 80, fixed interval 2-min schedule of food presentation. Water was concurrently available from a drinking tube. Overall rates of lever pressing were highest under the fixed ratio schedule and, for three rats, most drinking occurred during the pause preceding responding under the fixed interval schedule. Chlordiazepoxide increased the lower rates of lever pressing maintained under the fixed interval schedule but generally decreased the higher response rates under the fixed ratio schedule. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-induced licking also depended on the extent to which this response occurred in each schedule component. Typically chlordiazepoxide produced relatively greater increases in the lower levels of licking and either increased less or decreased licking in that component where, under control conditions, this response was more extensive. Chlordiazepoxide also produced overall increases in the total amount of water consumed during the session. When the number of food pellets obtained during the experimental session was given all at one time in the home cage, the amount of water ingested over a period of time equivalent to the session duration was substantially less than that consumed during the experimental session. Chlordiazepoxide did not increase home cage water consumption under this condition.
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PMID:Effect of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled responding and schedule-induced drinking. 93 1

Using 133Xe we measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in supine dogs during the application of negative abdominal pressure (-50 cm H2O). Changes in rib cage shape were monitored with magnetometers. Negative abdominal pressure caused a decrease of 5% in the cross-sectional area of the upper rib cage and a decrease of 19% in the cross-sectional area of the lower rib cage. These changes were similar to those observed when the dog was tilted to the erect position. Over the 10 cm of lung examined, control measurements showed a mean apex-to-base gradient of 1.4% TLC/cm, apical regions being more expanded than basal. Negative abdominal pressure increased this gradient to a mean of 2.1% TLC/cm. This change was in qualitative agreement with measurements of costal pleural surface pressure made in similar experiments by others. However, the changes we observed tended to be smaller than those predicted on the basis of costal pleural surface pressure. Since regional volumes represented the average of the pressures operating on lung regions, it was suggested that during negative abdominal pressure this average differed from pressure measured at the costal surface.
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PMID:Effect of negative abdominal pressure on regional lung volumes in supine dogs. 93 99

Virus strain and age of chicken influenced the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The ability of LaSota, B1, V4, CT, F, and Ulster strains to spread from cages of oronasally inoculated chickens to adjacent cages of susceptible chickens was assessed by virus isolation, serology, and immunity to challenge with virulent NDV. Although all inoculated chickens were immune to challenge, the immunity of contact chickens ranged from 100% for LaSota and CT strains to 0% for Ulster strain. The transmissibility of B1 and V4 strains for chickens 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks old was assessed by within-cage contact infection, exposure to contaminated food and water containers, and exposure to air from infected chickens. Serology and immunity to challenge with virulent virus were used as criteria. Differences in transmissibility were observed for the strain of virus used, route of exposure, and age of chickens. Care must be used in interpreting the significance of strain differences until the effect of variables can be minimized by further improvements in design of the test procedure.
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PMID:Observations on the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus: significance of variables. 93 83


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