Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
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Layering solutions of P(4)S(3) in CH(2)Cl(2) with solutions of CuCl or CuI in CH(3)CN gives the coordination polymers (P(4)S(3))(3)(CuCl)(7) (1), (P(4)S(3))(2)(CuCl)(3) (2), (P(4)S(3))(CuI) (3) and (P(4)S(3))(CuI)(3) (4), respectively, after slow diffusion. The yellow compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, (31)P magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The solid-state structures demonstrate the unexpected ligand versatility of the P(4)S(3) molecule, which interacts through two, three, or even all of the phosphorus atoms with copper according to the nature of the copper halide. Compound 1 has a three-dimensional network in which linear and cylindrical infinite CuCl subunits coexist with diatomic CuCl building blocks. For the first time, all four P atoms of the P(4)S(3) cage are involved in coordination with metal atoms. The 3D structure of 2 contains stacks of P(4)S(3) that are interconnected by slightly undulated and planar [CuCl](n) ribbons. Compound 3 is a one-dimensional polymer composed of alternating (CuI)(2) rings and P(4)S(3) bridges. The structure of 4 consists of undulated [CuI](n) layers in which the P(4)S(3) cage functions as a bridge within the layer, as well as a spacer between the layers. The (31)P MAS NMR spectra obtained are in good agreement with the solid-state structures obtained crystallographically. Thus, analytically pure 3 and 4 show singlet peaks that correspond to uncoordinated P and quartets owing to coupling with (63)Cu and (65)Cu, respectively, whereas that of 1 contains quartets according to all-P coordination. The spectrum of 2 was obtained from a sample that still contained 40 % of 1.
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PMID:The unexpected versatility of P(4)S(3) as a building block in polymeric copper halide networks: 2,3-P, 1,2,3-P and all-P coordination. 1770 27

During the last decade, intensive fish farming developed along the central Croatian coast, creating a need to study and evaluate its potential influence on unaffected sites. We considered phosphorus as an indicator of the influence of fish farming and investigated the distribution of phosphorus forms in sediment from several fish farms and marine areas of different trophic status in the middle Adriatic. Analyses of samples were performed with modified SEDEX techniques. Our results indicated that authigenic apatite phosphorus showed no significant differences among the investigated stations, while organic phosphorus concentrations reflected the trophic status of the station area. Below-cage sediment was characterized by enhanced fish debris phosphorus and low detrital apatite phosphorus concentrations, while sediment from an anthropogenically influenced bay showed the highest values of iron bound phosphorus species. Among the different P fractions, fish debris phosphorus proved to be the most sensitive indicator of the influence of fish farming on marine sediment.
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PMID:Impact of fish farming on the distribution of phosphorus in sediments in the middle Adriatic area. 1818 62

An in situ monitoring of the sediment characteristics and macrobenthic communities was undertaken at a marine fish culture site in subtropical waters of Hong Kong before and after the deployment of biofilters which were made of cement concrete artificial reef (AR) structures. According to the distance to the boundary of the fish cages, 6 points were selected as sampling stations: 2 at the fish cages, 2 near the boundary of the fish culture area, and 2 reference sites further away from the culture area. Bimonthly sediment samples were collected for analysis of silt-clay fraction (SCF), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). The macrobenthos (>0.5mm) present in the sediment were sorted, identified and enumerated. TOC, TKN and TP levels at the fish cage stations were consistently higher than those at the reference stations over the 1-year pre-AR and 2-year post-AR deployment monitoring period. The diversity of macrofauna was significantly reduced at the fish cage stations relative to the reference sites. The intermediary stations near the fish culture area showed a transitional state of disturbance. Over the 2-year post-AR deployment period, TOC, TKN and TP showed a decreasing trend at the fish cage and intermediary stations. More diverse macrofaunal communities were recorded at the fish cage stations, with species diversity H'increasing from 0-1 at the beginning of the AR deployment to H'>2 at the end of the study. The present results demonstrated that artificial reefs can improve the benthic abiotic environment and biotic conditions beneath fish rafts which are deteriorated due to farming activities.
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PMID:Amelioration of marine farming impact on the benthic environment using artificial reefs as biofilters. 1838 Dec 20

1. The objective of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to reduce phosphorus (P) excretion by feeding a lower level of dietary P than that currently recommended, without compromising welfare, and whether this is sensitive to the level of dietary calcium (Ca). 2. A randomised complete block design was used with a total of 224 1-d-old male chicks of a commercial genotype in two batches. Chicks had a 10-d adaptation period. After this, they were moved to cages and allocated to one of 4 dietary treatments (4 and 3 birds per cage in batch 1 and 2, respectively). A standard level of Ca and P (8.3 and 6.6 g/kg, respectively) was compared with three lower levels of Ca (7.3, 6.3 and 5.3 g/kg) all at the same reduced level of P (5.5 g/kg). Records were made of live weight of birds on an individual basis and feed and water consumption on a cage basis. Every 7 d, the dry matter (DM) content of a sample of mixed excreta from each cage was measured. Birds were slaughtered and samples taken for analysis of plasma mineral content, retention of N, Ca and P and tibia bone strength. 3. The initial reduction in dietary mineral level did not adversely affect performance or bone strength. However, decreasing dietary Ca level below 7.3 g/kg, at constant P, led to reduced feed consumption and bone strength. Dietary treatment had no significant overall effect on water intake, water : feed ratio, excreta DM content, Ca and P retention or metabolisability of DM. There was no significant correlation between mean plasma Ca or P level and DM content of rectal digesta. 4. In conclusion, reducing dietary P from 6.6 to 5.5 g/kg to reduce potential environmental impact of broiler production had an adverse effect on bird welfare when the level of Ca was reduced below 7.3 g/kg, as a result of decreased feed intake in the early growth period and reduced skeletal strength.
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PMID:Effect of reducing dietary mineral content on growth performance, water intake, excreta dry matter content and blood parameters of broilers. 1840 94

Microbial phytase is a prominent feed enzyme used in animal feeds, but there is relatively little information on its use in laying hen diets. In this experiment, an Escherichia coli 6-phytase (Quantum) was evaluated for its efficacy in a 40-wk laying hen production trial. A total of 1,080 White Leghorn hens (540 each of Shaver and Bovan strains) were fed mash corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.35% (positive control, PC), 0.25% (negative control, NC1), or 0.15% (NC2) nonphytate phosphorus (NPP). Six more diets were manufactured by supplementing the negative control diets with 200, 400, and 600 U/kg of exogenous phytase, resulting in a total of 9 treatments. Each dietary treatment x strain subclass was replicated 4 times with 5 adjoining cages per replicate (3 hens per cage) in a randomized complete block design. Production performance was measured from 21 to 61 wk of age. Only minor differences in production characteristics were found between the PC and NC1 treatments regardless of phytase addition, indicating that 0.25% NPP resulted in P intake that was at or above the hen's requirement. In contrast, the hens fed 0.15% NPP diet without phytase supplementation had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced total hen housed egg production and body weight at 61 wk of age in comparison to the PC treatment, whereas the incidence of soft-shelled, cracked, and broken eggs was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in hens fed the NC2 diet. Addition of phytase to the NC2 diet improved these production characteristics to levels equal or better than the PC diet. The results indicated that Quantum phytase was efficacious in corn-soybean meal-based diets fed to White Leghorn laying hens and can be used to reduce diet supplementation with inorganic phosphorus.
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PMID:The efficacy of quantum phytase in a forty-week production trial using white leghorn laying hens fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. 1849 5

A 42-d trial was conducted with 252 broiler chickens (d 1 of age, 38.8 +/- 1.3 g of BW) to determine the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant activities under high ambient temperature (32 +/- 1 degrees C). The feeding program consisted of a starter diet from d 1 to 21 of age and a finisher diet from d 22 to 42 of age. Dietary treatments included a negative control group (NC) fed a cornsoybean meal based diet without vitamin C or Forsythia suspensa extract, a positive control group fed a diet with 200 mg of vitamin C/kg, and a test group (FS) fed with 100 mg of Forsythia suspensa extract/kg. There were 14 cages per treatment and 6 birds per cage during the study. Birds had free access to diets and water during the entire period. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 21 and 42. Blood and tissue samples were collected at d 21 and 42 for assay of antioxidant indices. Growth performance did not differ among treatment groups during the starter period. In the finisher phase, birds in FS had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion, and apparent digestibility of energy, CP, calcium, and phosphorus than birds in NC. Furthermore, birds in FS had greater (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde activity in the serum than birds in NC. The FS birds had greater (P < 0.05) muscle superoxide dismutase activity and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde than NC birds. During the entire period, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity of FS birds was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC birds. Dietary supplementation with Forsythia suspensa extract can enhance nutrient digestibility and growth performance possibly by reducing oxidative stress of broiler chickens under high ambient temperatures.
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PMID:Effects of Forsythia suspensa extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant activities in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature. 1857 7

Three dinuclear copper(I) complexes with the formula [Cu2(mu-X)2(1,2-(PiPr2)2-1,2-C2B10H10)2] (X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)) containing the closo carborane diphosphine ligand 1,2-(PiPr2)2-1,2-C2B10H10 have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and X-ray structure determination. The X-ray structure analyses revealed that the three complexes were isostructural and crystallized in the monoclinic system and space group C2/m. The carborane cage ligand was coordinated bidentately to the Cu(I) center through its two phosphorus atoms, and the coordination geometry around each copper atom was distorted tetrahedral. Two halogen atoms bridged the metal centers forming a dimer structure [Cu2(mu-X)2(1,2-(PiPr2)2-1,2-C2B10H10)2], which were linked into 2D supramolecular networks through novel C-H...H-B dihydrogen bonding interactions
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PMID:Self-assembled 2D supramolecular networks of copper(I) carborane complexes through C-H..H-B dihydrogen bonding interactions. 1868 33

The diniobium octaphosphorus complex (P8)[Nb(OC[(2)Ad]Mes)3]2 (1) (Ad = adamantylidene, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) contains a reactive niobium phosphinidene moiety that can be exploited for metathetical scission of the NbP bond. When 1 is treated with aryl ketones, loss of ONb(OC[(2)Ad]Mes)3(OEt2) (2) is observed along with concomitant formation of the corresponding phosphaalkene (RC6H4)2CPP7Nb(OC[(2)Ad]Mes)3 (3-R). Complexes 3-R rearrange to incorporate the (RC6H4)2CP unit into the phosphorus cage, thereby generating a saturated organo-phosphorus cluster complexed to the niobium tris-enolate platform, (RC6H4)2CP8Nb(OC[(2)Ad]Mes)3 (4-R). The structure of one such rearranged cluster 4-H, as determined by X-ray crystallography, is briefly discussed. An Eyring analysis of the first-order rearrangement of 3-H to 4-H gives activation parameters of DeltaH(double dagger) = 16.7 kcal/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -20.4 eu. A Hammett analysis of the phosphaalkene rearrangement, 3-R to 4-R, with substitution varying at the para positions of the aryl rings, reveals a linear relationship between the sigma values and the rearrangement rate constants. A concerted, asynchronous mechanism for the least-motion rearrangement of 3-H to 4-H is presented. When 1 is treated with alkyl ketones, similar loss of 2 and formation of the corresponding phosphaalkene is observed; however, the phosphaalkene complexes have considerably greater stability and are readily isolated.
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PMID:Phosphaalkenes as long-lived phosphorus cluster surface functional groups: intramolecular P=C addition to a niobium-supported P7 cage. 1880 Aug 34

Osteomalacia (OM) is a condition that usually is overlooked and neglected when compared with other metabolic bone disease such as osteoporosis. Presenting with a wide spectrum of nonspecific clinical, radiographic, and biochemical manifestations, OM is a treatable metabolic disease that is precisely diagnosed by anterior iliac crest bone biopsy. Clinical clues to lead one to suspect OM in the context of a diffuse bone disease include the presence of generalized bone pain affecting mainly shoulders, hips and rib cage, proximal muscle weakness, low serum calcium x phosphorus product, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, low calcium in the 24-h urine test, and low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D. Radiographic examination may show a characteristic "erased" or "fuzzy" type of demineralization, pseudofractures, or bone deformities. OM is confined usually to elderly individuals or to those patients with intestinal malabsorption and hypophosphatemia.
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PMID:Musculoskeletal manifestations of osteomalacia. 1907 64

A new cationic clathrate I Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) (6.6(1) < or = y < or = 7.5(1), x < or = 2y at 1375 K) was synthesized from the elements and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXS), neutron powder diffraction, and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The thermal behaviors of the magnetic susceptibility and resistivity were investigated as well. Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) reveals a wide homogeneity range due to the presence of vacancies in the tellurium guest positions inside the smaller cage of the clathrate I structure. The vacancy ordering in the structure of Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) causes the change of space group from Pm3n (ideal clathrate I) to Pm3 accompanied by the redistribution of P and Si atoms over different framework positions. Neutron powder diffraction confirmed that P atoms preferably form a cage around the vacancy-containing tellurium guest position. Additionally, (31)P NMR spin-spin relaxation experiments revealed the presence of sites with different coordination of phosphorus atoms. Precise determination of the composition of Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) by WDXS showed slight but noticeable deviation (x < or = 2y) of phosphorus content from the Zintl counting scheme (x = 2y). The compound is diamagnetic while resistivity measurements show activated behavior or that of heavily doped semiconductors. Thermal analysis revealed high stability of the investigated clathrate: Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) melts incongruently at approximately 1460 K in vacuum and is stable in air against oxidation up to 1295 K.
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PMID:Cationic clathrate I Si(46-x)P(x)Te(y) (6.6(1) < or = y < or = 7.5(1), x < or = 2y): crystal structure, homogeneity range, and physical properties. 1928 Dec 8


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