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Offspring of rats given oral doses of Saline or Imipramine (5 mg/kg) from 14-21 days prior to mating till parturition were reared, after weaning, in deprived or enriched environments. At 25-27 days and at 80-83 days the home cage behaviour of the Ss reared in the enriched environment was observed. Histological measures of brain development in both the deprived and enriched Ss were taken at the conclusion of behavioural observations. The Imipramine exposed offspring failed to show the characteristic histological changes associated with enriched rearing conditions. In addition they were behaviourally unresponsive and spent significantly less time than the Saline offspring interacting with other animals and the environment. It was argued that the physiological and behavioural unresponsiveness of the Imipramine offspring was due to a subtle teratogenic effect which prevented the Ss from interacting with the environment.
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PMID:The interactive effects of prenatal imipramine exposure and postnatal rearing conditions on behaviour and histology. 123 82

Three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned with ethanol (ETOH) and water in a Conditioned Place Preference task. To assess the contribution of prior drug/behavioral history on the relative hedonic valence of ETOH, the three groups differed in the task demands and degree of prior ETOH exposure. One group was trained to self-administer 20% w/v ETOH in a home-cage self-administration task using a "Samson sucrose-fading" procedure prior to place conditioning trials (Group SA/CPP). A second group was initially trained in a two-choice ETOH-Saline drug discrimination (DD) task and subsequently conditioned in the place preference paradigm (Group DD/CPP). The third group of rats had no history of drug exposure and were experimentally naive prior to the place learning task (Group NH/CPP). Group SA/CPP developed a significant conditioned place preference; Group DD/CPP failed to demonstrate either a preference or aversion, whereas the Group NH/CPP demonstrated a significant place aversion. Data suggest that both present and past contingencies contribute to the algebraic summation of ETOH's hedonic valences.
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PMID:Historical factors in the development of ETOH-conditioned place preference. 173 21

We previously have shown that melittin evokes a sustained increase in plasma corticosterone levels of the female rat. Significant increases occurred only during the morning and the duration of the response was increased from 48 h to 8 days by a second milittin injection 3 days after initial exposure to melittin. To further evaluate the effect of melittin on adrenocortical function, rats were given melittin at 09.00 h on days 1 and 4 and on day 8 rats were subjected to a variety of different stresses. Saline-injected rats served as controls. Blood for determining non-stress and stress levels of corticosterone concentration (RIA) was collected by decapitation. In all cases morning but not afternoon non-stress plasma corticosterone levels of melittin-injected rats were higher than those of saline-injected controls; afternoon non-stress corticosterone levels did not differ between groups. Melittin- and saline-treated rats showed comparable corticosterone responses to a morning 2-min restraint stress. In contrast, melittin treatment facilitated the pituitary-adrenal response to rotational and surgical stress as well as the stress of removing one rat from a cage of two. Fifteen min after removal of the first rat of a cage of two, plasma corticosterone levels of the melittin-injected rat were significantly higher than those of saline-injected rats. Likewise, plasma corticosterone levels of melittin-treated rats were higher (P less than 0.05) than those of saline-injected rats 15 min after rotational (10 rpm) and surgical (jugular cutdown and blood withdrawal) stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of melittin on pituitary-adrenal responsiveness to stress. 284 67

Saline-treated and amphetamine-treated (7 mg/kg, ip, immediate) male rats from a Sprague-Dawley substrain were observed in two test environments designed to elicit different investigative responses in normal rats. Snout contact with the substrate was generated by placing the rat in a small enclosed cage. Absence of snout contact was induced by placement of the rat on a square elevated platform. Detailed ethological records were kept of locomotion, rearing, sitting, grooming, gnawing, and sleeping throughout the 90-min session. Amphetamine-treated rats incorporated environmentally contingent bodily postures into their forms of stereotyped behavior. The postures were characteristic of those evinced initially by the saline-treated rats in the same test environment. The control rats showed appropriate changes in their investigative behavior when the apparatus was changed at 10 and at 30 min postinjection. The amphetamine-treated rats, however, were completely unresponsive to such changes at 30 min and only partially so at 10 min postinjection. It was concluded that there is a temporal gradient of decreasing readiness to modify repetitive behavior after a single, large dose of amphetamine.
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PMID:Initial environment influences amphetamine-induced stereotypy: subsequently environment change has little effect. 381 44

Endogenous oxytocin released into the brain at parturition may stimulate the onset of maternal behaviour. In this study an attempt was made to block spontaneous maternal behaviour following natural delivery in Wistar rats by the injection of an antagonist of oxytocin into the cerebral ventricles. The analogue antagonist, d(CH2)5-8-ornithine-vasotocin, was administered by injection into a chronically implanted cannula in the right lateral ventricle at hourly intervals, beginning immediately after the expulsion of the first pup. The antagonist did not interfere with the normal progress of parturition or birth-related behaviours. After delivery of the last pup, mothers rested for 40 min in the test cage with the pups having been removed. Four pups and standard nesting material were then presented. Latency to pup carrying and duration of pup manipulation, nest building, and time spent on the nest with the pups, as well as duration of autogrooming and general activity were determined. Saline-injected controls started gathering the pups immediately and usually showed all elements of maternal behaviour within 10 min. Antagonist-treated mothers showed a marked delay in the onset of pup grouping and other maternal behaviours. At the end of 1 h, two out of six mothers had not yet picked up a single infant. Pups left overnight with their mothers were gathered into the nest and suckled, and no long-term effects of the antagonist were evident on retesting. The effectiveness of oxytocin antagonist in suppressing the rapid onset of post-partum maternal behaviour supports the hypothesis that centrally released oxytocin is involved in this process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Inhibition of post-partum maternal behaviour in the rat by injecting an oxytocin antagonist into the cerebral ventricles. 381 39

The effectiveness of temporal and environmental cues in eliciting conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia was studied in male Wistar rats using as an unconditioned stimulus an IP injection of 20 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. The relevance of temporal stimuli was minimized in Experiment 1 by administering morphine at irregular times on alternate days. For one group (Cond) morphine injections were preceded and followed by periods in distinctive environments. Group Pseudo animals, though exposed to the environments, received morphine on the intervening days in the home cage; group Saline received only saline. All animals receiving morphine showed a non-specific hypothermia when not under the direct influence of morphine. A "conditioned hyperthermia" was evident in group Cond animals in the distinctive environments. In Experiment 2, in which animals remained in their home cages at all times, the relevance of temporal cues was emphasized by administering morphine at exactly 24 h intervals. These animals became hypothermic only around the time of the expected injection. Animals in another group that received morphine at irregular times showed the non-specific hypothermia seen previously. There was no evidence for a conditioned hyperthermia in this second experiment.
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PMID:Temporal and environmental cues in conditioned hypothermia and hyperthermia associated with morphine. 678 4

The effects of contextual conditioning on the induction of nicotine sensitization of locomotor activity, stereotypy and nucleus accumbens dopamine release were studied using a 15-day pretreatment regimen. Six groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were employed to test for the effects of drug pretreatment, conditioning and novelty. Groups 1-4 were treated with daily nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline injections that were either paired with the test chamber or given in the home cage, followed by saline injections in the home cage. Group 5 received saline in the test chamber followed by nicotine in the home cage (unpaired). Group 6 was naive to handling and drug treatment. Pretreated animals were implanted with 2 mm microdialysis probes, via chronic guide cannulae, after completing the 15th day of treatment, and were tested for their response to nicotine (0.6 mg/kg, s.c) or saline on day 16. Naive animals were implanted with microdialysis probes and tested in a similar manner. Nicotine-stimulated locomotor activity was sensitized in the paired, unpaired and homecage pretreatment groups whereas nicotine-stimulated stereotypy was sensitized only in the paired pretreatment group. Nicotine-stimulated nucleus accumbens dopamine release was sensitized in the paired and unpaired pretreatment groups. Saline-stimulated nucleus accumbens dopamine release, but not locomotor activity or stereotypy, was also found in the nicotine-pretreated, paired group. These findings demonstrate the development of sensitization to nicotine-induced locomotor activity, stereotypy and nucleus accumbens dopamine release after a 15-day pretreatment regimen. Each of these responses to nicotine were differentially modulated by contextual conditioning. It is suggested that nicotine-stimulated dopamine release in sensitized animals represents the conditioned component of nicotine sensitization.
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PMID:Behavioral and neurochemical components of nicotine sensitization following 15-day pretreatment: studies on contextual conditioning. 1006 33

The present study examined the effects of posttraining ethanol administration upon retention of an appetitive task using a variety of retention behaviors associated with the task. Male C57BL/6J mice were individually trained to find a cheese pellet placed in the corner of an open field. Five behavioral measures were used including locomotor activity counts, rearings, grooming episodes, approaches to the cheese pellet, and latency to consume the cheese pellet. Immediately after training, mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline or 2.0 g/kg of ethanol and then returned to their home cage in which four "intruder" mice were added for 2 h after training. On subsequent testing days (1, 6, 14, and 51 days posttraining), mice were returned to the original training environment and the five behaviors were measured. Both saline- and ethanol-treated mice habituated to the initially novel test environment at similar rates as indicated by decreased exploratory behavior (locomotor activity and rearings). In contrast, a divergence in the latency to consume the cheese pellet was observed: Saline-treated mice behaved as though the cheese was rewarding (decreased latency to eat the pellet), while the ethanol group behaved as though the cheese was aversive (increased latency to eat the pellet). Taken with previous studies, these results demonstrate that posttraining ethanol can have strikingly different effects on retention depending on the task, the measure of retention used, and the underlying neural structures involved.
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PMID:Effects of posttraining ethanol on an appetitive task. 1112 50

The effects of chronic social stress on behavioral sensitization to cocaine were investigated in the Syrian hamster. Adolescent animals received either 15 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine or saline twice per day for 7 consecutive days. Two weeks following the last injection (young adulthood), they were given a challenge dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. of cocaine and scored for locomotion. Motor activity was significantly greater in cocaine-treated animals, demonstrating sensitization to this psychostimulant. Following the results of the first study, another group of adolescent animals was exposed to either a novel clean cage (control) or an aggressive resident male hamster (social stress) for 15 min following an injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg i.p. once daily) or saline for 7 consecutive days. The groups were as follows: Social Stress/Cocaine (SSC), No Social Stress/Cocaine (NSSC), Social Stress/Saline (SSS) and No Social Stress/Saline (NSSS). Two weeks following the last injection (Day 21), all animals were given a challenge dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and were rescored for locomotion. At that time, the suppressive effect of stress on locomotion was no longer detectable, as the expression of sensitization was observed in the NSSC but not in the SSC group. These results suggest that chronic social stress administered during adolescence does not cross-sensitize with cocaine in young adult hamsters.
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PMID:Social stress does not alter the expression of sensitization to cocaine. 1212 80

We previously found stress-reduction in rats exposed to an oxytocin-injected cage-mate. Olfactory impairment and oxytocin antagonist treatment blocked the effect. Here, we investigated effects of social stress on the exposure-induced response and exposure on amygdaloid oxytocin concentrations. CT concentrations in exposed olfactorily impaired, CT antagonist-treated and saline-injected unexposed rats were reduced, compared to the significantly higher level in untreated and exposed saline-injected rats. Saline injections and group mixing enhanced heat dissipation. Exposure abolished the injection-induced, but not mixing-induced stress response, most likely via a social stress induced effect on the oxytocin-injected rat. The difference in exposure responsivity may relate to recognition, stress type and intensity affecting different stress-response systems. The mechanism could reinforce social attachment.
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PMID:Social stress blocks energy conservation in rats exposed to an oxytocin-injected cage mate. 1216 65


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