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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To evaluate the validity and sensitivity of test procedures for routine assessment of chemically induced changes in motor activity in rats, studies were carried out with a commercially available photocell cage system. Testing of single, untreated rats showed that motor activity decreased within 10 min to a steady level. Overall activity was the same when testing was repeated at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. In groups of each 10 rats tested immediately after i.p. injection, chlorpromazine HCl (6 or 2 mg/kg) and physostigmine salicylate (0.5 mg/kg) decreased activity. d-Amphetamine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg) caused an increase of virtually all parameters, whereas scopolamine HCl (1.0 mg/kg) and physostigmine salicylate (0.02 mg/kg) led to an increase of particular aspects of motor activity only. Data generated with a mechanical calibrator varied 1-5% between the cages tested. It is concluded that the above procedures of recording of selected parameters of motor activity in groups of 10 rats for periods of up to 20 min would comply with the guidelines recommended by EPA TOSCA.
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PMID:Validation of a photobeam system for assessment of motor activity in rats. 281 95

Mice experienced to electric shock, exhibited a marked suppression of motor activity when placed in the same cage 24 hr after administration of shocks. Acute administration of imipramine-HCl (10 mg/kg, i.p.), desipramine-HCl (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and amitriptyline-HCl (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) caused marked reduction of the conditioned suppression of shocked mice, but reduced the motor activity of the non-shocked mice. Maprotiline, mianserin and dimetacrine did not cause reduction of the conditioned suppression. Nialamide (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and pargyline-HCl (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) caused marked reduction of the conditioned suppression but did not increase the motor activity of the non-shocked mice, and tranylcypromine-HCl (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not cause reduction of the conditioned suppression. Diphenhydramine-HCl (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the conditioned suppression of shocked mice in a dose-related manner. Chronic administration of imipramine-HCl (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days significantly reduced the conditioned suppression but did not influence the motility rate of the non-shocked mice. Also, chronic administration of amitriptyline (1 mg/kg, i.p.), desipramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and dimetacrine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), for 10 days, significantly reduced the conditioned suppression, but did not influence the motility rate of the non-shocked mice. Chronic administration of maprotiline reduced the conditioned suppression. On the other hand, chronic administration of mianserin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and diphenhydramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not cause a reduction of the conditioned suppression.
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PMID:Effects of antidepressant drugs on a quickly-learned conditioned-suppression response in mice. 403 1

Changes in gonadotropins, progesterone, cortisol, DHA, and DHAS were monitored in 10 female rhesus monkeys (Days 20-23 of the menstrual cycle) subjected to cage restraint with or without ketamine anesthesia for successive venipunctures. All animals were bled without sedation for 2 hr at 30-min intervals. Then 4 of the animals were anesthetized with ketamine-HCl and bleedings in all animals were continued for an additional 2.5 hr. FSH and progesterone were not appreciably affected by either restraint technique. LH declined steadily for the duration of the bleedings (P less than 0.05). Serum levels of cortisol and the adrenal androgens increased twofold (P less than 0.05). Anesthesia with ketamine had no effect on any of the six variables when compared with saline controls. Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) levels tended to plateau (P less than 0.01) after 2 hr in both treated and control groups. In contrast, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels increased continuously throughout the entire study period. These data indicate that ketamine anesthesia does not alter endocrine responses to venipuncture when administered following cage restraint of conscious animals. These findings further confirm the difficulties in obtaining estimates of basal levels of hormones which are responsive to stress and suggest that the first sample may provide the best estimate.
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PMID:Influence of restraint and ketamine anesthesia on adrenal steroids, progesterone, and gonadotropins in rhesus monkeys. 623 45

Rats administered 5 mg/kg morphine SO4, through subcutaneously implanted catheters, during each of several daily sessions in an open field showed a progressive increase in locomotor activity measured in the open field prior to each morphine administration. Since the increases in activity were not observed in rats given morphine in a different environment (home cage) and saline in the open field, it is concluded that the increases were due to conditioning. In addition, the increases in activity were retained over a 7-day rest period; they were also produced when a second opiate (5 microgram/kg etorphine HCl) was substituted for morphine, were not seen when 2 mg/kg naloxone HCl (ip) was administered during treatment, and were present in rats showing tolerance to opiate-produced hypoactivity. Morphine's direct effect on activity is believed to have a biphasic dose-response curve; therefore, the relation of dose to conditioning was also studied. Increases in activity were the only conditioned behaviors observed; they were present only at the higher doses (16, 4, and 1 vs. .25, .065, and 0 mg/kg), and they occurred whether or not the dose was associated with unconditioned hypoactivity. The discussion deals with the relation of conditioning and morphine tolerance, the question of whether the unconditioned stimulus of morphine conditioning is a compensatory or a direct effect of morphine, and the similarity of conditioned increases in activity produced by morphine and by other stimuli that are reinforcing.
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PMID:Conditioned increases in locomotor activity produced with morphine as an unconditioned stimulus, and the relation of conditioning to acute morphine effect and tolerance. 626 90

The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute changes in blood gases and pH alter sulfamethazine (SMZ) kinetics. Groups of conscious rabbits were exposed for 270 min either to air or to a high CO2 and (or) low O2 atmosphere to produce hypercapnia, hypoxemia, or both. Another group of rabbits received 47 mL/kg of 0.3 M HCl by gavage tube to induce metabolic acidosis. Once the blood gases were stabilized, the rabbits received 20 mg/kg SMZ i.v. Multiple blood samples were drawn for 180 min to assess SMZ kinetic parameters, SMZ protein binding, and blood gases. Fifteen minutes after the administration of SMZ, a suboccipital puncture was performed to determine the concentration of SMZ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Urine was collected for the first 180 min through a sterile catheter and for the next 21 h in a metabolic cage. Hypercapnia alone did not significantly influence SMZ kinetics. Hypoxemia, hypoxemia combined with hypercapnia, and metabolic acidosis increased the SMZ apparent volume of distribution (V) and total body clearance (CL). This increase in the SMZ V correlated positively (p less than 0.01) to the ratio of SMZ concentration in CSF to SMZ concentration in plasma. The increase in SMZ CL was mainly due to an increase in nonrenal clearance, although a slight increase in SMZ renal clearance was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Influence of hypercapnia and (or) hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis on sulfamethazine kinetics in the conscious rabbit. 649 28

In order to determine the relationship between striatal dopamine (DA) receptor density and psychomotor performance in senescent animals, two experiments were carried out. In the first, the age-related motor deficits were characterized using a battery of four psychomotor tests (rod walking, wire hanging, inclined screen, plank walking). These tests were administered to three groups of male Fischer rats (mature, 6-8 months; middle aged, 12-18 months; and senescent, 25 months) and performance measured. Age-related differences were observed on all the tasks, with the oldest animals showing the poorest performance. These animals were then used in a second experiment in which one-half of the group of animals from each age was administered 1.86 mg/kg/day of haloperidol for 14 days (via surgically implanted Alza Minipumps. Control groups of animals from each age were given pumps which contained only the vehicle (HCl diluted with distilled water, pH = 2.9). Following the 14 day drug administration, the pumps were surgically removed and 3 days later all the groups were retested on the psychomotor tests. Stereotypy (to 0.5 mg/kg of apomorphine, sniffing, licking, grooming and cage crossings) was also re-examined. Results show that haloperidol-treated animals from all three age groups display greater response times (i.e., better performance) than vehicle-treated animals on the battery of four motor tests and, the haloperidol-treated old animals exhibit more sniffing and grooming than the vehicle-treated old animals. Parallel increases in [3H]spiperone binding seen in all haloperidol-treated groups suggest a relationship between increases in the density of striatal DA receptors and improvement in motor performance.
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PMID:Psychomotor performance in the senescent rodent: reduction of deficits via striatal dopamine receptor up-regulation. 668 1

The existence of circadian variation in methamphetamine- and apomorphine-induced change in ambulatory activity in mice was investigated. Adult male mice of dd strain, which had been housed on a 12 hr light-dark schedule (light period; 6:00-18:00) for 4 weeks, received injections of either methamphetamine HCl 1 or 2 mg/kg SC at one of six times of day (3:00, 7:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00 and 23:00), or apomorphine HCl 0.5 or 1 mg/kg SC at one of six times of day (3:30, 7:30, 11:30, 15:30, 19:30 and 23:30). The control animals were administered a physiological saline vehicle alone at the corresponding times of day. The ambulatory activity of each mouse was measured by a tilting-type activity cage for 3 hr after methamphetamine, and for 1 hr after apomorphine. A circadian variation in the ambulatory activity was observed after the administration of the saline, methamphetamine and apomorphine. Here, the highest activity counts were found when the saline, methamphetamine and apomorphine were administered during the late dark period (3:00 or 3:30), while the lowest activity counts were found when the saline and apomorphine 1 mg/kg were administered during the mid light period (11:00 or 11:30), and methamphetamine 1 and 2 mg/kg and apomorphine 1 mg/kg were administered during the late light period (15:00 or 15:30). The circadian variation in methamphetamine-induced increase in the activity was abolished by a pretreatment with reserpine 2 mg/kg SC 4 hr before, but that of apomorphine was maintained even by the pretreatment with reserpine. The present results suggest that the methamphetamine- and apomorphine-induced increase in the ambulatory activity in mice is dependent on the time-of-day of the drug administration, and the occurrence is mainly due to a circadian variation in activity of the catecholaminergic systems in the brain.
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PMID:Circadian variation in methamphetamine- and apomorphine-induced increase in ambulatory activity in mice. 716 56

The synthesis and antiulcer activity of highly strained cage compounds such as pentacyclo[4.2.0.0(2,5).0(3,8).0(4,7)]-octane (cubane), pentacyclo[4.3.0.0(2,5).0(3,8).0(4,7)]nonane (homocubane) and pentacyclo[5.3.0.0(2,4).0(3,6).0(5,8)]decane are described. Of the compounds obtained, N-[3-(3-piperidinomethylphenoxy)propyl]-4-piperidinocarbonylpen tacyclo [4.2.0.0(2,5).0(3,8).0(4,7)]octane carboxamide (26a) and N-[3'-(3'-piperidinomethylphenoxy)propyl]-1-bromo-9, 9-ethylenedioxypentacyclo[4.3.0.0(2,5).0(3,8).0(4,7)[nonane]-4- carboxamid e (26q) showed more potent antiulcer activity with very good cytoprotective ability in the HCl.ethanol-treated rat model. Compounds 26a and 26q exhibited H2-receptor antagonist potency (in vitro) comparable to that of ranitidine, but did not inhibit histamine-stimulated acid secretion (in vivo) in the gastric fistula rat model, when orally administered in the dose range at which antiulcer and cytoprotective activities were seen. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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PMID:Antiulcer agents. III. Synthesis and antiulcer activity of N-[3-(3-piperidinomethylphenoxy)propyl]pentacyclo[4.2.0.0(2,5).0(3,8).0 (4,7)]-octane carboxamides and related compounds. 828 73

We recently conducted an experiment to investigate the possible cooperation between genetic makeup and differential housing on cocaine self-administration in male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Cocaine self-selection was measured in a two-choice test with one choice being cocaine-HCl solution of 40 mg% in tap water and the other choice being plain tap water. Housing conditions began at weaning (21-23 days of age) and consisted of group housed (GH) with 2-3 mice per cage, and isolated housed (IH) with 1 mouse per cage. The results of this study revealed overall strain, sex and housing differences, with C57BL/6Js consuming more cocaine solution than DBA/2J subjects, females consuming more cocaine solution than males, and group housed consuming more than isolate housed subjects. In a second study, the effect of differential housing on open-field locomotor activity was investigated. Testing was conducted on two consecutive days, with subjects receiving an IP injection of saline on day 1, and 15 mg/kg cocaine HCl on day 2. Four behaviors were recorded, including: total distance, nosepokes, stereotypy, and margin time. Overall, the results revealed significant strain differences for stereotypy and nosepokes, and males were found to be more activated by cocaine than females. Additionally, DBA males tended to be differentially affected by housing condition, with IH showing suppressed locomotor activity as compared to GH subjects. Last, significant strain by housing interactions occurred in nosepokes and stereotypy time.
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PMID:Strain and housing affect cocaine self-selection and open-field locomotor activity in mice. 841 29

The goal of the current investigation was to study the effect of in utero exposure of cocaine on fetal and postnatal development. 48 adult female NIH Swiss mice were used as experimental animal models. Each of the 24 mice were injected intraperitoneally with cocaine HCl at a daily dose level of 45 mg/kg (body weight). Each of the 24 control animals were daily injected with saline. One week after the treatment started, one male was introduced into each female cage. The day the vaginal plug was found was recorded as day one of pregnancy. Both cocaine treated and saline treated animals were subdivided into three subgroups each with 8 animals in each subgroup. Subgroup one was used to obtain midgestational (11 day) fetuses, subgroup two was used to obtain full term fetuses (18 day) and subgroup three was used to obtain pups. Individual fetal weights were taken and each fetus was examined for developmental anomalies. Midgestational fetuses exposed to cocaine had lower body weights than those of the controls. The full term fetuses, however, had similar weight in both experimental and control groups. The pups were weighed every 2 days from day 2 to day 16. The pups showed a slightly wider range of weights in the cocaine treated group as they matured to 16 days. All fetuses and pups revealed no soft tissue anomaly which, along with the weight data, supported our earlier findings.
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PMID:Effects of cocaine on fetal and postnatal development in mice. 850 33


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