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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty published studies were appraised to document the potential stress associated with three routine laboratory procedures commonly performed on animals: handling, blood collection, and orogastric gavage. We defined handling as any non-invasive manipulation occurring as part of routine husbandry, including lifting an animal and cleaning or moving an animal's cage. Significant changes in physiologic parameters correlated with stress (e.g., serum or plasma concentrations of corticosterone, glucose, growth hormone or prolactin, heart rate, blood pressure, and behavior) were associated with all three procedures in multiple species in the studies we examined. The results of these studies demonstrated that animals responded with rapid, pronounced, and statistically significant elevations in stress-related responses for each of the procedures, although handling elicited variable alterations in immune system responses. Changes from baseline or control measures typically ranged from 20% to 100% or more and lasted at least 30 min or longer. We interpret these findings to indicate that laboratory routines are associated with stress, and that animals do not readily habituate to them. The data suggest that significant fear, stress, and possibly distress are predictable consequences of routine laboratory procedures, and that these phenomena have substantial scientific and humane implications for the use of animals in laboratory research.
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PMID:Laboratory routines cause animal stress. 1566 34

The diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is based on typical clinical findings and is supported by a positive 14-3-3 Western blot of cerebrospinal fluid. However, it is not clear whether 14-3-3 indicates general neuronal damage or is of pathophysiological relevance in CJD. The fact that the 14-3-3 isoform spectrum in cerebrospinal fluid does not correspond to that found in the brain points to a regulated process. To investigate a possible role of 14-3-3 proteins in transmissible spongiform diseases, we generated a 14-3-3gamma-deficient mutant mouse line by using a classical knockout strategy. The anatomy and cage behavior of the mutant mice were normal. Western blot analyses of brain homogenates revealed no changes in the protein expression of other 14-3-3 isoforms (epsilon, beta, zeta, and eta). Proteomic analyses of mouse brains by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis showed that several proteins, including growth hormone, 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, CCT-zeta, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, GRP170 precursor, and alpha-SNAP, were differentially expressed. Mutant and wild-type mice were inoculated either intracerebrally or intraperitoneally with the Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain of scrapie, but no differences were detected in the postinoculation survival rates. These results indicate that 14-3-3gamma is unlikely to play a causal role in CJD and related diseases.
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PMID:Unchanged survival rates of 14-3-3gamma knockout mice after inoculation with pathological prion protein. 1568 85

This work analyzes the effect of social isolation of growing male rats on 24-h changes of plasma prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH and leptin, and on plasma and adrenal corticosterone concentrations. At 35 days of life, rats were either individually caged or kept in groups (6-8 animals per cage) under a 12:12 h light/dark schedule (lights on at 08:00 h). A significant arrest of body weight gain regardless of unchanged daily food intake was found in isolated rats after 2 weeks of isolation. On the 4th week, rats were killed at 6 time intervals during a 24-h cycle, beginning at 09:00 h. In isolated rats the 24-h pattern of all parameters tested became distorted, as assessed by Cosinor analysis. When analyzed as a main factor in a factorial analysis of variance, isolation decreased plasma prolactin and growth hormone, increased plasma leptin and corticosterone while decreased adrenal corticosterone. Plasma corticosterone levels correlated significantly with plasma ACTH and with adrenal corticosterone levels in group-caged rats only. These changes can be attributed to an effect of mild stress on the endogenous clock that modulates the circadian hormone release.
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PMID:Effect of social isolation on 24-h pattern of stress hormones and leptin in rats. 1628 37

We report on a 3-year-old male, born at 34 weeks of gestation, with marked pre- and postnatal overgrowth, birth weight of 6,600 g, length of 61 cm, and head circumference of 38.5 cm. A striking phenotype was recorded at birth, which became more evident during the follow-up period. He had macrobrachycephaly, facial abnormalities, small thoracic cage, long trunk, deformed spine, rhizomelia, large hands and feets, absent subcutaneous fat, small umbilical hernia, inguinal hernias, and large joints with mild contractures. Hypoglycemic episodes and obstructive apnea complicated the neonatal period. During follow-up, overgrowth continued with a height of 146 cm (+11.65 SDS) and a weight of 39 kg (BMI 18.3 kg/m(2)) at 3.5 years. Endocrinological work-up disclosed extremely low levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and insulin. What makes our patient unique is the association of marked prenatal overgrowth; unusual phenotype; skeletal dysplasia caused by accelerated endochondral ossification resulting in cartilage hyperplasia of the skull base and spine, and postnatal gigantism; and complete absence of subcutaneous fat. Other well-known overgrowth syndromes were excluded. We hypothesize that autocrine/paracrine growth factors could be the cause of excessive endochondral ossification. Alternately, activating mutations in transcription factors involved in both growth and endocrine/metabolic homeostasis could be responsible for this unusual phenotype.
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PMID:Endochondral gigantism: a newly recognized skeletal dysplasia with pre- and postnatal overgrowth and endocrine abnormalities. 1761 4

The aim of the present study was to purify the common native carp growth hormone (ncGH), produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to common native carp growth hormone (ncGH), and further enhance the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for ncGH. Additionally, we investigated changes in serum ncGH levels in carps raised in different environmental conditions. The recombinant grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) growth hormone was purified and used as antigen to immunize the rabbit. The natural ncGH was isolated from the pituitaries of common carp. SDS-PAGE and Western blot utilizing the polyclonal anti-rgcGH antibody confirmed the purification of ncGH from pituitaries. Purified ncGH was then used as an immunogen in the B lymphocyte hybridoma technique. A total of 14 hybridoma cell lines (FMU-cGH 1-14) were established that were able to stably secrete mAbs against ncGH. Among them, eight clones (FMU-cGH1-6, 12 and 13) were successfully used for Western blot while nine clones (FMU-cGH 1-7, 9 and 10) were used in fluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry. Epitope mapping by competitive ELISA demonstrated that these mAbs recognized five different epitopes. A sensitive sandwich ELISA for detection of ncGH was developed using FMU-cGH12 as the coating mAb and FMU-cGH6 as the enzyme labeled mAb. This detection system was found to be highly stable and sensitive, with detection levels of 70 pg/mL. Additionally, we found that serum ncGH levels in restricted food group and in the net cage group increased 6.9-and 5.8-fold, respectively, when compared to controls, demonstrating differences in the GH stress response in common carp under different living conditions.
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PMID:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of changes in serum levels of growth hormone (cGH) in common carps (Cyprinus carpio). 1823 94

Early stressful events can increase vulnerability for psychopathology, although knowledge on the effectors is still limited. Here we tested the hypothesis that peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are involved in the response to stress and in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression, might be affected in a non-human primate model of adverse rearing. Males and females rhesus macaques reared with their mothers (MR) or in peer-only groups (PR) were used as experimental subjects. BDNF, NGF, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone (GH) were determined at baseline on postnatal days (PND) 14, 30 and 60 by means of specific ELISA and RIA procedures. In addition, behavior was assessed on PND 7, 14, 21, 30 (Brazelton test) and 60 (home cage observation). Data indicate gender differences in basal levels of BDNF throughout development. Peer-rearing increased significantly BDNF levels only in females. In addition, while all peer-reared subjects showed high levels of stereotypies and self-directed behaviors, behavioral passivity was selectively increased in females. By contrast, NGF levels were increased in response to peer-rearing only in males, and correlated positively with other "classic" endocrine responses to stress, such as cortisol and GH. Our data identify BDNF and NGF as neuroendocrine markers underlying differential responses to maternal deprivation in males and females rhesus macaques. The selective changes in BDNF levels in females could help explain the greater vulnerability to mood disorders of this gender reported in humans.
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PMID:Changes in plasma levels of BDNF and NGF reveal a gender-selective vulnerability to early adversity in rhesus macaques. 1884 21

The cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome is observed in 80% of patients with advanced-stage cancer, and is one of the major obstacles in chemotherapy. Ghrelin is a orexigenic hormone that has been proposed to prevent anorexia. Aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone releasing peptide 2 (GHRP-2) to cytotoxic therapy with 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) prevents the anorexia associated with chemotherapy in cancer cachectic mice. Thirty-three BALB/c female tumour-bearing mice were randomized to receive a solution containing: (a) placebo; (b) GHRP-2; (c) 5-FU; or (d) 5-FU+GHRP-2. Ten BALB/c no tumour-bearing mice received placebo solution. Food intake and survival were checked. Six hours after the drug injection the cumulative food intake was significantly increased in mice treated with the combination of 5-FU+GHRP-2 versus the 5-FU alone (P=0.0096). On day 3, the cumulative food intake of mice treated with GHRP-2, 5-FU and 5-FU+GHRP-2 significantly increased compared with naive and vehicle groups (P=0.0007, P=0.0038 and P=0.0166, respectively). The median survival time was longer in 5-FU+GHRP-2 treated mice than in those with 5-FU, although it was not significant (18 d versus 15.5 d, P=0.7). For the first time, we demonstrated that the addition of GHRP-2 to cytotoxic therapy with 5-FU improved appetite in tumour-bearing mice with anorexia/cachexia syndrome in early stage. These data suggest that GHRP-2 may improve the efficacy of therapy and the quality of life of cancer patients thank to the amelioration of their nutritional state.
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PMID:Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice. 1900 43

Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide originally characterised for its capacity to stimulate growth hormone secretion. Ghrelin is also an orexigenic and adipogenic hormone and is thought to be a signal to increase locomotor activity in anticipation of a scheduled meal. Although ghrelin is considered to be up-regulated during fasting, there are still conflicting data regarding the impact of starvation on ghrelin secretion. To test whether the secretory pattern of acylated ghrelin is altered during fasting, plasma levels were monitored every 20 min for 6 h in freely-behaving rats at the light/dark cycle transition, when animals initiate feeding and activity and use preferentially free fatty acids (FFA) as a source of energy. Rats were fed ad lib. or fasted at dark onset for 24, 48 or 72 h, with or without refeeding rate. The anticipatory rise in ghrelin levels, as well as home-cage activity at the onset of darkness, was significantly reduced from 48 h of fasting compared to ad lib. conditions. A delayed ghrelin peak, sensitive to renutrition, was observed in fasted animals. Although their motivation to eat appeared to be intact, rats fasted for 72 h showed the smallest compensatory refeeding rate after fasting, possibly reflecting altered gut function. Expression of agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y, was significantly increased in 48- and 72-h fasted animals. Thus, following fasting, a blunted acylated ghrelin secretion at dark onset (i.e. a period when animals depend on FFA as a source of energy) is associated with reduced locomotor activity and refeeding and an up-regulation of anabolic neuropeptides. Such changes could be interpreted as compensatory mechanisms for helping to conserve energy under conditions where food is not available.
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PMID:Meal anticipatory rise in acylated ghrelin at dark onset is blunted after long-term fasting in rats. 2172 14

The Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) is a seasonal mammal responding to the annual cycle in photoperiod with anticipatory physiological adaptations. This includes a reduction in food intake and body weight during the autumn in anticipation of seasonally reduced food availability. In the laboratory, short-day induction of body weight loss can be reversed or prevented by voluntary exercise undertaken when a running wheel is introduced into the home cage. The mechanism by which exercise prevents or reverses body weight reduction is unknown, but one hypothesis is a reversal of short-day photoperiod induced gene expression changes in the hypothalamus that underpin body weight regulation. Alternatively, we postulate an exercise-related anabolic effect involving the growth hormone axis. To test these hypotheses we established photoperiod-running wheel experiments of 8 to 16 weeks duration assessing body weight, food intake, organ mass, lean and fat mass by magnetic resonance, circulating hormones FGF21 and insulin and hypothalamic gene expression. In response to running wheel activity, short-day housed hamsters increased body weight. Compared to short-day housed sedentary hamsters the body weight increase was accompanied by higher food intake, maintenance of tissue mass of key organs such as the liver, maintenance of lean and fat mass and hormonal profiles indicative of long day housed hamsters but there was no overall reversal of hypothalamic gene expression regulated by photoperiod. Therefore the mechanism by which activity induces body weight gain is likely to act largely independently of photoperiod regulated gene expression in the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Effect of exercise on photoperiod-regulated hypothalamic gene expression and peripheral hormones in the seasonal Dwarf Hamster Phodopus sungorus. 2460 71

Nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by persistent, severe hypoglycemia in different tumor types of mesochymal or epithelial origin; however, NICTH is infrequently induced by sarcomatoid carcinoma (SC). Despite some sarcomatoid and epithelioid characteristics in few cases of malignancies from epithelium, NICTH induced by recurrent SC in pelvic cavity in this report is extremely rare.We report a case in which NICTH caused by recurrence and pulmonary metastases from SC in the pelvic cavity, and the computed tomography scan revealed multiple pelvic masses and multiple large masses in the pulmonary fields. During the treatment of intestinal obstruction, the patient presented paroxysmal loss of consciousness and sweating. Her glucose even reached 1.22 mmol/L while the serum glycosylated hemoglobin was normal and previous history of diabetes or use of oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin denied.The laboratory examination showed that the low level of insulin, C-peptide, and growth hormone levels in the course of hypoglycemic episodes suggesting to the diagnosis of hypoglycemia induced by nonislet cell tumor, and the decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGFBP3 and the high expression of big IGF-II in the serum further confirmed the diagnosis of NICTH. Because of the widely pelvic recurrence and pulmonary metastases were unresected, the patient was discharged from the hospital after 2 weeks treatment with dexamethasone and glucose and unfortunately died 1 week later.NICTH caused by SC in the pelvic cavity is extremely rare case in clinical. The aim of this report was to present the importance to examine big IGF-II expression in patient's serum in order to reach the diagnosis of NICTH in cases of intractable cancer-associated hypoglycemia.
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PMID:Severe Hypoglycemia Caused by Recurrent Sarcomatoid Carcinoma in the Pelvic Cavity: A Case Report. 2649 58


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