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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Preweaning guinea pigs were placed into a test cage either alone or with their mother for 10, 30, or 90 min, or were placed into the cage alone for 24 hr. At 30 and 90 min, pups exhibited higher plasma levels of ACTH if alone than if with the mother. This effect was not apparent at 10 min, and ACTH levels of pups tested alone were no longer greater than baseline levels at 24 hr. These results provide further evidence that brief maternal separation can serve as a potent stimulus for activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in this species. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of pups tested alone were not significantly greater than those of pups tested with their mothers. But, pups tested alone for 10 and 30 min did show an elevation of epinephrine and norepinephrine over baseline levels. That is, the combined influence of separation and other aspects of the manipulation (e.g., exposure to novelty) evoked sympathetic responses. In addition, the number of vocalizations emitted by pups during the first 30 min of isolation in the test cage was positively correlated with concentrations of ACTH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine following 24 hr of this procedure, but not following 90 min or at baseline. Thus, the initial behavioral response appears to be predictive of the levels of both hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic activity 24 hr after separation is initiated.
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PMID:The influence of maternal separation on plasma concentrations of ACTH, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in guinea pig pups. 255 48

This study investigated the effects of long-term, low-level exposure to radio-frequency radiation (RFR) on various physiological systems in a large rodent population. Two hundred adult male white rats with chronically implanted aortic cannulas were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the first group were exposed to the low-level RFR environment for approximately 22 hours daily, seven days a week, for six months. Depending on animal orientation within the home cage (all animals singly caged) the estimated whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) ranged from 0.04 to 0.4 W/kg. The estimated mean whole-body SAR ranged from 0.3 W/kg (medium-sized rats) to 0.35 W/kg (large-sized rats). A second, sham-exposure group was maintained under identical conditions, but were not radiated. Microsamples of blood were withdrawn on a cyclic schedule from the unanesthetized and unrestrained rats. The blood samples were assayed for plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), plasma corticosterone, plasma prolactin, plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine), hematological end points (hematocrit ratio, complete red blood cell count, complete white blood cell count, and a differential count of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes), and cardiovascular end points (heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure). Analysis of the results showed no significant RFR-induced differences in these end points when the RFR-exposed group was compared to the sham-exposed group. Chronic exposure to the low-level, pulsed field resulted in no adverse effects on animal health, as measured by the spectrum of blood-borne end points.
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PMID:Long-term study of 435 MHz radio-frequency radiation on blood-borne end points in cannulated rats. Part II: methods, results, and summary. 284 18

The effects of restraint stress applied at different times of the day on levels of five stress-responsive plasma hormones (ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH, corticosterone and prolactin) and pituitary cyclic AMP levels were assessed. Different groups of rats were subjected to 15 min of restraint stress at 2-hour intervals over a 24-hour period. Rats were sacrificed immediately upon removal from their home cage (controls) or immediately following restraint (stressed). The time of day of stress exposure markedly affected the stress responses measured. Generally, responses to stress applied at the beginning of the dark cycle (18:00) were less than those seen following stress applied at the beginning of the light cycle (06:00). Stress at 06:00 increased levels of pituitary cyclic AMP 10-fold, while stress applied at 18:00 did not significantly increase pituitary cyclic AMP levels. In stressed rats, high correlations were seen among levels of hormones derived from the common precursor, proopiomelanocortin (ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH) and between these hormones and levels of pituitary cyclic AMP. These findings support the hypothesis that pituitary cyclic AMP is involved in the stress-induced release or synthesis of the pituitary hormones ACTH, beta-endorphin, and beta-LPH.
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PMID:Diurnal variation in neuroendocrine response to stress in rats: plasma ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-LPH, corticosterone, prolactin and pituitary cyclic AMP responses. 301 85

The benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore was examined in brain membranes of rats maintained in either a conventional animal facility or a "protected" (low-stress) environment. Following a 10 min ambient temperature swim, animals maintained in both environments had qualitatively similar increases in the number (Bmax) of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding sites, the apparent affinity of this radioligand, and the efficacy and potency of Cl- to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding. Nonetheless, the Bmax of [35S]TBPS and efficacy of Cl- to enhance [3H]flunitrazepam binding were significantly lower in animals housed in the protected environment compared to those maintained in a conventional facility both before and after swim stress. Furthermore, in rats housed in a protected environment, sequential removal of animals from a common cage (cohort removal), produced a very rapid increase (less than or equal to 15 s) in Cl(-)-enhanced [3H]flunitrazepam binding in cortical and hippocampal but not cerebellar membranes. Cohort removal also produced a sequential increase in the number of [35S]TBPS binding sites and apparent affinity of this radioligand in cerebral cortical membranes. The effects of cohort removal were not observed in animals subjected to ambient temperature swim or if animals were removed from different cages. Changes in the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore produced by cohort removal from a common cage preceded any statistically significant changes in circulating levels of alpha-MSH, beta-endorphin, ACTH or corticosterone. These findings suggest that the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex (supramolecular complex) is under both tonic and acute regulation by the environment, and may subserve a physiologically relevant function in the response to stressful or anxiety producing stimuli.
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PMID:Environmentally-induced modification of the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor coupled chloride ionophore. 303 19

Responses of commercial laying hens to 16 management systems were examined for 10 laying periods of 28 days each. Twelve cage treatments consisted of housing three, four, or five hens in deep and shallow cages of different dimensions which provided .035 and .046 m2/hen. Four floor treatments housed 35 hens or 32 hens and three roosters at densities of .094 or .373 m2/bird, in two replicated pens each. Quantitative data were collected simultaneously for 23 production, physiological, and behavioral characteristics throughout the study. When comparing all caged with floor pen hens, caged hens had better (P less than .05) egg production rates (76.3 vs. 73.9%), gained more weight, had better feed efficiency, and had greater egg and egg shell weights than floor hens. All floor pen hens had higher (P less than .01) viability (98.9 vs. 95.0%), higher (P less than .01) plasma corticosterone levels (595.0 vs. 445.4 pg/ml), a greater (P less than .01) response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) challenges, and lower (P less than .01) antibody titers to Salmonella pullorum challenges than all caged hens. Caged hens preened, stood, crouched, and feather pecked more than floor hens, while floor hens drank and moved about more than caged hens. This study attempted to quantify production, physiological, and behavioral traits, all on the same flock of hens, in order to separate stressful from nonstressful management environments. Integration of all measurements indicates that properly managed caged hens were subjected to significantly fewer stressors than laying hens housed in floor pens, although the hens' well-being in the two environments could not be quantitatively compared.
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PMID:Production, physiological, and behavioral responses of laying hens in different management environments. 360 49

Studies with dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists have implicated brain DA systems in the increased grooming behaviour elicited by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of ACTH or exposure to a novel environment. To evaluate the potential contributions of DA terminals innervating frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, stereotaxically guided injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were made into these regions of rat brain following peripheral administration of desmethylimipramine and pargyline. Despite an 88% mean reduction of DA, and 68% mean reduction of noradrenaline in frontal cortex, the amount of grooming behaviour observed either in a novel cage, or after i.c.v. injection of ACTH1-24 was not detectably altered. The lesions also did not affect locomotor activity measured during the scoring of grooming, in an open field, in photocell cages, or in a running wheel, even in the animals most severely depleted of DA. Following nucleus accumbens 6-OHDA infusions, depletions of DA as great as 99% were obtained. Animals with accumbens depletions greater than 90% showed the expected attenuation of amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity. Nevertheless, they exhibited normal grooming scores in a novel cage, and in response to i.c.v. ACTH1-24. It is concluded that dopaminergic terminals in nucleus accumbens and probably those in frontal cortex are not necessary for the expression of novelty- or ACTH-induced grooming.
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PMID:Dopamine denervation of frontal cortex or nucleus accumbens does not affect ACTH-induced grooming behaviour. 608 43

This study was designed to determine the ACTH-corticosterone response to two types of stress in relation to the daily rhythm of food and water intake in the iron-deficient rat. Rats were fed diets containing 2, 10 or 50 mg iron/kg diet between weaning at 21 days and the stress experiments at 38 or 42 days of age. The two iron-deficient diets (2 and 10 mg iron/kg) resulted in mean hemoglobin concentrations of about 6.0 and 8.5 g/dl, respectively, in contrast to about 12.5 g/dl in the control group receiving 50 mg iron/kg diet. Food and water consumption followed the normal nocturnal pattern, irrespective of iron intake. ACTH and corticosterone showed the normal baseline peaks at the 2000 hour lights-out point in all groups. Responses to handling and placement into another cage were similar in most respects but suggested an inappropriately low corticosterone response despite high ACTH values only at the 2000 hour point. However, there was no evidence of similar differences in response to the more potent stress of an i.p. injection of histamine 1 mg/100 g body weight. In contrast to the reports of more clear-cut effects of iron deficiency on norepinephrine, the changes in ACTH and corticosterone response to stress seem relatively modest.
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PMID:The pituitary-adrenal response to stress in the iron-deficient rat. 609 Jun 19

Excessive grooming in response to intracerebroventricular (ICV) ACTH1-24 was assayed following various doses of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and flurazepam. Grooming scores were only affected by doses of the benzodiazepines higher than those that depressed locomotor activity. Similarly, diazepam did not affect excessive grooming induced by ICV beta-endorphin, nor did chronic chlordiazepoxide affect ACTH-induced grooming. By contrast similar doses of the benzodiazepines decreased the increased grooming score observed when mice were observed in a novel as opposed to the home cage. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that novel cage-induced grooming is caused by an increase in the ventricular content of ACTH or beta-endorphin, and that the benzodiazepines decrease or prevent this increase. It is not consistent with hypotheses of a functional antagonism between ACTH and benzodiazepines, at least insofar as the mechanisms involved in the production of grooming are concerned.
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PMID:Benzodiazepines decrease grooming in response to novelty but not ACTH or beta-endorphin. 611 85

Kainic acid lesions of the infundibulum resulted in a significant decrease in infundibular ACTH concentrations. However, the lesioned rats did not differ from the vehicle-injected controls in a social interaction test, in their latency to start drinking in a novel environment, or in their aggressive behaviour in home-cage intruder tests. It can therefore be concluded that endogenous infundibular ACTH does not play a significant role in these behaviours. This can be contrasted with the effects of exogenously administered ACTH which has previously been shown to reduce social interaction and increase aggression. Both the lesioned rats and the controls showed decreased social interaction after ACTH administration, and therefore the infundibulum can be excluded as a critical site of action of exogenous ACTH in mediating this behavioural change.
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PMID:Infundibular ACTH can be excluded as a critical mediator in social behaviours. 625 56

It is generally believed that physical fitness promotes health by attenuating responsiveness to other stressors. The experimental evidence for this belief is limited and does not extend to interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We tested the hypothesis that treadmill exercise training would lead to an estrogen-dependent hyporesponsiveness of the HPA axis that would generalize to immobilization stress. Ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 74) that had been treadmill trained (TT) or sedentary for 6 weeks received intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate (Eb) or sesame oil on each of 3 days prior to 15 min of acute treadmill running or immobilization. Plasma (adrenocorticotrophin) (ACTH), (corticosterone) (B) and (prolactin) (PRL) were determined from trunk blood by radioimmunoassay and compared in a 2 group (TT vs. sedentary)-by-2 treatment (Eb vs. oil)-by-2 acute stressor (running vs. immobilization) design. Home-cage (HC) animals (N = 24) provided baseline hormone levels. ACTH and B levels were elevated after stressors in animals treated with either Eb or oil compared to HC, but increases in PRL after stressors were dependent on Eb. Treadmill exercise training led to an attenuation of ACTH and prolactin to running, but the attenuation did not generalize to immobilization. In contrast, treadmill exercise training led to a hyperresponsiveness of ACTH. Treadmill training did not modulate prolactin responses to immobilization. The modulating effects of the estradiol treatment are consistent with an interaction of the HPA and HPG axes in response to stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treadmill exercise training and estradiol differentially modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to acute running and immobilization. 778 48


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