Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Only some of the diverse factors that can affect drug disposition and response in laboratory animals have been identified at the present time. These numerous factors contribute to large day-to-day variations that have become a major problem impeding investigation of drug disposition and response in laboratory animals. Although these variations render many experiments difficult to interpret and produce large discrepancies in the literature, few published investigations using laboratory animals provide sufficient details to permit replication of the studies under similar conditions with respect to these variables. Thus, the importance of these variables in affecting results is apparently insufficiently recognized at present. Two commonly overlooked variables affecting the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes (HME) in rodents and hence the rate at which rodents eliminate from their bodies many foreign compounds are the bedding under the wire mesh cage and the relative cleanliness of the environment. Numerous chemicals present in relatively low concentrations in the environment of the animal room can significantly alter HME activity. Representative of these chemicals are aromatic hydrocarbons in cedarwood bedding, eucalyptol from aerosol sprays, and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, each of which induces HME activity, whereas ammonia generated from feces and urine accumulated in unchanged pans under cages may inhibit HME activity. Chloroform, identified as an environmental contaminant of the water and air of certain cities, exhibits sex and strain differences with respect to toxicity (LD50) in mice. After intraperitoneal injection, twice as much chloroform accumulated in the kidneys of males from the sensitive strain (DBA/2J) as from the resistant (C57BL/6J) strain. First generation offspring were midway between parental strains both with respect to LD50 and renal accumulation of chloroform.
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PMID:Environmental and genetic factors affecting the response of laboratory animals to drugs. 126 7

Riboflavin derivatives were quantitated and identified in urine of rats fed 0, 2 and 6 micrograms riboflavin/g diet per day both with and without added succinyl sulfathiazole for 6 wk. Two rats from each dietary group were placed in metabolic cages and urine was collected in the dark for 24 h. On the fourth week, a third animal from each group received an i.p. injection of [2-14C]riboflavin before being placed in a metabolic cage and urine collected in the dark for 48 h. Urine samples were extracted with phenol for flavin components and with chloroform for lumichrome and derivatives. Riboflavin was the predominant flavin excreted by rats in all dietary groups, followed by hydroxymethylriboflavins and smaller amounts of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), lumiflavin and 10-hydroxyethylflavin. Carboxylumichromes accounted for 5-10% of the total flavin-derived fluorescence in urine of rats fed 2 and 6 micrograms riboflavin/g diet and were reduced to approximately 3% when sulfathiazole was added to the base diets. Carboxylumichromes were absent from urine of riboflavin-deficient rats. Riboflavin accounted for 85-90% of the recovered radioactivity of all radioactive urine extracts; no radioactively labeled carboxylumichromes were detected. These results indicate that hydroxymethylriboflavins are primary catabolites of riboflavin derived from tissue microsomal oxidations, whereas carboxylumichromes reflect the continued oxidation of ring hydroxymethyl functions plus gut microbial cleavage of the side chain of flavin.
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PMID:Clarification and quantitation of primary (tissue) and secondary (microbial) catabolites of riboflavin that are excreted in mammalian (rat) urine. 357 60

The composition of faecal flora of NC mice was compared with that of CF #1 mice. NC- and CF #1-germfree (GF) mice were cage-mated with NC- or CF #1-conventional (CV) mice in an isolator. The faecal flora of these ex-GF mice was dependent on the recipient mouse strain modifying colonization by the donor mouse bacteria. Although NC- and CF #1-pups removed by hysterectomy were fostered to different strains, almost all these mice at 8 weeks old had a strain characteristic pattern of faecal flora regardless of the foster strains. In GF mice mono-associated with a Lactobacillus strain or a Bifidobacterium strain isolated from faeces of CV mice, the numbers of these bacteria in the stomach and small intestine of NC mice were lower than those of CF #1 mice. In GF mice associated with chloroform-treated faeces of CV mice, and a Lactobacillus strain or a Bifidobacterium strain, the numbers of these bacteria in the stomach and all parts of the intestine of NC mice were considerably lower than those of CF #1 mice. These results suggested that the composition of faecal flora of NC mice were characteristic, i.e. the fact that the numbers of lactobacilli were low compared with CF #1 mice with ordinary faecal flora and the colonization of bifidobacteria, peptococcaceae and eubacteria on ES agar in NC mice intestine differed, was due to genetic factors.
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PMID:Characteristic faecal flora of NC mice. 403 60

Microelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MESI-MS) is used to evaluate alkali metal binding selectivities of a variety of macrocyclic compounds. Well-studied crown ethers are used to validate the MESI-MS method. A quantitative correlation between MESI mass spectral ion intensities and solution equilibrium distributions of complexes is obtained for the mixtures containing a single host and different alkali metal guest ions. The MESI-MS method is successfully applied for the determination of the alkali metal binding selectivities of a series of cage-functionalized aza-crown ethers and relevant model compounds in methanol and chloroform solutions. The binding selectivities parallel previous results obtained using conventional spectrophotometric extraction methods. Structural differences in the host compounds, such as the presence of a cage functionality, binding cavity size, and overall flexibility, cause significant changes in the binding selectivities.
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PMID:Evaluation of alkali metal binding selectivities of caged aza-crown ether ligands by microelectrospray ionization/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry 1101 50

The attraction response of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to its own feces was evaluated in a triple cage olfactometer. Both time- and concentration-response relationships were obtained for female S. calcitrans exposed to cellulose sponges impregnated with fresh fly feces or filter papers treated with chloroform:methanol extracts of fresh fly feces in 6-min tests. Attraction to feces collected on cellulose sponges decreased as the air flow increased. Feces collected on cellulose sponges and held for 28-31 retained attractive activity. More female flies were attracted than males to feces on sponges or to polar solvent extracts of feces-contaminated cages. The activity of feces extract on filter paper decreased rapidly. Chemical identification of the active compounds present could lead to useful baits for traps.
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PMID:Behavioral response of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) to conspecific feces and feces extracts. 1112 57

The synthesis of novel acetal thia-cage compounds has been accomplished by the direct substitution for the oxygen atom by the sulfur atom in the reaction of the acetal groups of oxa-cages with Lawesson reagent (LR). Reaction of the tetraoxa-cage compound 2 with LR in dichloromethane at 25 degrees C sequentially gave the monothia-, dithia-, trithia-, and tetrathia-cage compounds 3, 6, 7, and 9. The reaction mechanism for the conversion from oxa-cages into thia-cages was proposed. The diacetal trioxa-cages 18-20 and 24-26 were also transformed into the thia-cages 21-23 and 27-29, respectively. Reaction of the trioxa-cages 34 and 35 with LR under the same reaction conditions gave the thia-cages 36 and 37 with the carbonyl group intact. Treatment of the pentaoxa[5]peristylane 40 with LR in chloroform under supersonic shaking at refluxing temperature gave the monothia[5]peristylane 41 and the dithia[5]peristylane 42. Attempts to synthesize the thia[5]peristylanes from the tetraoxa-cage 51 and the transformation from the parent (unsubstituted) pentaoxa[5]peristylane 46 to the thia-cages have been made. Reaction of the pentaoxa[5]-peristylane 40 with P(2)S(5) in refluxing toluene gave 41, 42, and a rearrangement product 47. The synthesis of new heterocyclic cage compounds 59 and 60, which contain oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the same molecule, was also accomplished.
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PMID:Synthesis of novel acetal thia-cage compounds. 1142 81

Gnotobiotic Wistar rats were produced using gnotobiotic techniques, which were established in the production of a SPF mouse colony, in order to establish a barrier-sustained colony. One strain of Escherichia coli, 28 strains of Bacteriodaceae (B-strains), three strains of Lactobacillus (L-strains) and a chloroform-treated fecal suspension (CHF, Clostridium mixture) were prepared from conventional Wistar rats as the microflora source. Two groups of limited-flora rats, E. coli plus B-strains and E. coli plus CHF, were produced. After confirmation that Clostridium difficile was not detected in the CHF-inoculated rats, two groups of limited-flora rats were transferred to an isolator and housed together in a cage. These rats were then orally inoculated with L-strains. The gnotobiotic rats showed colonization resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the number of E. coli in the feces was 10(5) to 10(6)/g. The gnotobiotic rats were transferred to a barrier room as a source of intestinal flora for SPF colonies. In the SPF rats, basic cecal flora was mainly composed of Bacteroidaceae, clostridia, fusiform-shaped bacteria and lactobacilli, and did not change over a long period. Their flora became similar to that of conventional rats.
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PMID:Establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) rat colonies using gnotobiotic techniques. 1151 91

The structure of one of the three previously separated isomers of {Er2@C82} has been determined through a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the noncovalent adduct, {Er2@C82 Isomer I}.{CoII(OEP)}.1.4(C6H6).0.3(CHCl3). The C82 cage is identified specificlly as the Cs(82:6) isomer (one of nine possible isolated pentagon isomers) from the crystallographic data. The carbon atoms of the C82 cage were individually identified and refined with only a constraint that required the two halves of the cage to possess similar bond lengths. Although the carbon cage is well ordered at 113 K, the erbium atoms are disordered. The electron density within the cage of {Er2@C82 Isomer I} has been modeled with two major sites with occupancies of 0.35 and 21 other individual erbium sites with occupancies ranging from 0.138 to 0.011. These erbium sites all reside near the walls of the fullerence and cluster near a band of ten contiguous hexagons that encircles the carbon cage. Since two other isomers of C82 (C3v(82:8) and C2v(82:9)) have a similar band of ten contiguous hexagons, it is tempting to speculate that the other two known isomers of {Er2@C82} have these cage structures.
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PMID:Crystallographic characterization of the structure of the endohedral fullerene [Er2@C82 isomer I] with C(s) cage symmetry and multiple sites for erbium along a band of ten contiguous hexagons. 1196 Apr 21

The practice of chlorine disinfection of drinking water to reduce microbial risks provides substantial benefits to public health. However, increasing concern around potential risks of cancer associated with exposure to chlorinated disinfection byproducts confuses this issue. This article examines the science agenda regarding chlorinated disinfection byproducts (CDBP) and cancer in Canada and the United States, focusing on the social construction of scientific knowledge claims and evidence. Data for this analysis were obtained from published documents as well as from in-depth interviews with epidemiologists and toxicologists centrally involved with the issue in both countries. Results of the analysis suggest that toxicological scientists want to close the door on the "chloroform issue" due to increasing evidence that chloroform is safe at low doses, because epidemiological scientists can no longer move forward the cancer science until significant improvements can be made in assessing human exposures, and because the scientific foci of research on DBP have shifted accordingly. Further, a distinction emerges in terms of how scientific uncertainties are interpreted when they cross-cut disciplines in the context of human health risk assessment. We suggest this tension reflects a balance of how uncertainty and authorities are managed in a mandated science-policy domain. Sufficient evidence was provided to keep the DBP issue on the regulatory agenda and to generate additional research, yet authorities and concomitant interpretations of uncertainty were contested. Such science generation and contestation inevitably influences complex risk assessment processes with respect to what water-related health risks are addressed and how.
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PMID:Constructing scientific authorities: issue framing of chlorinated disinfection byproducts in public health. 1222 51

In the present study, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used to evaluate the metal-binding selectivities of an array of novel caged macrocycles for mercury(II), lead(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II) ions. In homogeneous methanol/chloroform solutions as well as extractions of metals from aqueous solution by macrocycles in chloroform, it is found that the type of heteroatom (S, O, N), cavity size, and presence of other substituents influence the metal selectivities. Several of the macrocycles in this study bind mercury ion very selectively and efficiently in the presence of many other metal ions and have an avidity toward mercury that was tunable by the size and combination of heteroatoms in the macrocycle ring and the number of cage groups attached. The extraction mechanism was further investigated by determining the variation in extraction selectivity as a function of the counterions of the mercury salts.
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PMID:Metal complexation of thiacrown ether macrocycles by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 1223 51


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