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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
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The purposes of this study were to determine whether exercise training induces increases in skeletal muscle antioxidant enzymes and to further characterize the relationship between oxidative capacity and antioxidant enzyme levels in skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exercise trained (ET) on a treadmill 2 h/day at 32 m/min (8% incline) 5 days/wk or were cage confined (sedentary control, S) for 12 wk. In both S and ET rats, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were directly correlated with the percentages of oxidative fibers in the six skeletal muscle samples studied. Muscles of ET rats had increased oxidative capacity and increased GPX activity compared with the same muscles of S rats. However, SOD activities were not different between ET and S rats, but CAT activities were lower in skeletal muscles of ET rats than in S rats. Exposure to 60 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion (I/R) resulted in decreased GPX and increased CAT activities but had little or no effect on SOD activities in muscles from both S and ET rats. The I/R-induced increase in CAT activity was greater in muscles of ET than in muscles of S rats. Xanthine oxidase (XO), xanthine dehydrogenase (XD), and XO + XD activities after I/R were not related to muscle oxidative capacity and were similar in muscles of ET and S rats. It is concluded that although antioxidant enzyme activities are related to skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, the effects of exercise training on antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle cannot be predicted by measured changes in oxidative capacity.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, antioxidant enzymes, and exercise training. 238 14

Previous studies have shown that exercise-induced changes in muscle antioxidant status occur shortly after exercise. The present studies were designed to determine if longer-term exercise-related changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in both normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR) occurred, and if these changes were related to the levels of lipid peroxidation. WKY and SHR rats were exercised over a 10-week period using a progressive treadmill regimen. After a 1-week detraining period, the animals were euthanized and measurements of tissue antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxide levels were determined in both exercised and cage-sedentary groups. Decreases in antioxidant activities (particularly glutathione peroxidase and catalase) in liver, kidney, skeletal and cardiac were associated with exercise training in both WKy and SHR rats (e.g. left ventricular glutathione peroxidase specific activity in WKY rats was decreased from 234 +/- 25 [SD, n = 12] to 187 +/- 17 [SD, n = 11] units/mg protein). Elevations in activities of antioxidant enzymes were generally associated with hypertension in these tissues (e.g. left ventricular glutathione peroxidase specific activity in SHR rats was 275 +/- 30 [SD, n = 12] units/mg protein), but changes in activities were more variable than those seen in response to exercise. Exercise-related changes in tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (an indirect measure of tissue lipid peroxide levels) generally did not correlate with exercise-related antioxidant enzyme activity changes, and hypertension had no effect on these levels except in liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels in exercised and hypertensive rat tissues. 758 28

Pateira de Fermentelos (PF) is a natural freshwater wetland in the central region of Portugal. In the last decade, the introduction of agricultural chemicals, heavy metals, domestic wastes, as well as eutrophication and incorrect utility of resources resulted in an increased water pollution. The present research work was carried out to check the various oxidative stress biomarker responses in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) gill, kidney and liver due to this complex water pollution. Eels were caged and plunged at five different PF sites (A-E) for 48h. A reference site (R) was also selected at the river spring where no industrial contamination should be detected. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were the oxidative stress biomarkers studied. In gill, site A exposure induced a significant GST activity increase and site B exposure induced CAT activity increase when compared to R. Site C exposure showed a significant CAT and GPX activity increase. Data concerning site D exposure were not determined due to cage disappearance. Site E exposure displayed a significant CAT and GST activity increase. In kidney, site A exposure induced a significant CAT and GPX decrease as well as a GST increase. Site B exposure showed a significant decrease in GPX activity and GSH content. However, site C exposure demonstrated a significant increase in CAT and a decrease in GPX. Site E exposure showed a significant decrease in GPX and increase in GST. In liver, site A exposure showed a significant GST activity decrease as well as GSH content increase. Site B exposure showed a significant CAT, GST and LPO decrease. Site C exposure showed only GST activity decrease, while site E exposure induced a significant increase in GPX. These investigation findings provide a rational use of oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater ecosystem pollution biomonitoring using caged fish, and the first attempt reported in Portugal as a study of this particular watercourse under the previous conditions. The presence of pollutants in the PF water was denunciated even without a clear relation to the main pollution source distance. The organ specificity was evident for each parameter but without a clear pattern.
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PMID:Anguilla anguilla L. oxidative stress biomarkers: an in situ study of freshwater wetland ecosystem (Pateira de Fermentelos, Portugal). 1672 79

Peroxiredoxin II, a cytosolic isoform of the antioxidant enzyme family, has been implicated in cancer-associated cell death and apoptosis, but its functional role in the heart remains to be elucidated. Interestingly, the expression levels of peroxiredoxin II were decreased in mouse hearts upon ischemia-reperfusion, while they were elevated in two genetically modified hyperdynamic hearts with phospholamban ablation or protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor 1 overexpression. To delineate the functional significance of altered peroxiredoxin II expression, adenoviruses encoding sense or antisense peroxiredoxin II were generated; cardiomyocytes were infected, and then subjected to H(2)O(2) treatment to mimic oxidative stress-induced cell death and apoptosis. H(2)O(2) stimulation resulted in a significant decrease of endogenous peroxiredoxin II expression, along with reduced cell viability in control cells. However, overexpression of peroxiredoxin II significantly protected from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis and necrosis, while downregulation of this enzyme promoted the detrimental effects of oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. The beneficial effects of peroxiredoxin II were associated with increased Bcl-2 expression, decreased expression of Bax and attenuated activity of caspases 3, 9 and 12. Furthermore, there were no significant alterations in the expression levels of the other five isoforms of peroxiredoxin, as well as active catalase or glutathione peroxidase-1 after ischemia-reperfusion or H(2)O(2) treatment. These findings suggest that peroxiredoxin II may be a unique antioxidant in the cardiac system and may represent a potential target for cardiac protection from oxidative stress-induced injury.
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PMID:Protection of peroxiredoxin II on oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte death and apoptosis. 1903 Sep 11

This study determined the selenium (Se) bioavailability from Se-enriched garlic and cabbage using broiler chickens. Se-enriched garlic (18.5 mg of Se/kg) and cabbage (101.5 mg of Se/kg) were produced by soil enrichment using selenate. Conventional and Se-enriched garlic and cabbage were dried, ground, and added to broiler chick diets. Ninety-six broiler chickens at 1 day of age were assigned to four dietary treatments: NC (cabbage + garlic), PC (cabbage + garlic + selenomethionine, 0.5 mg of Se/kg of diet), GS (cabbage + Se-enriched garlic, 0.5 mg of Se/kg of diet), and CS (garlic + Se-enriched cabbage, 0.5 mg of Se/kg of diet), with six replicates per treatment and four birds per cage. Birds were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks and slaughtered to obtain blood and tissues: white (breast) muscle, dark (thigh) muscle, liver, and feathers. All excreta were collected weekly, dried, and ground for Se analysis. Bird weight gain and feed intake were measured weekly. Total Se content and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in liver and plasma were measured. Total liver Se content of the PC birds (0.876 mg of Se/kg) was the highest (P < .05). The CS (0.693 mg of Se/kg) and GS (0.627 mg of Se/kg) birds had higher (P < .05) total liver Se than the NC birds (0.514 mg of Se/kg). Plasma GPX activity of the PC birds was highest (P < .05), and that of CS and GS birds was higher (P < .05) than the NC birds. Liver GPX activity of the PC birds was higher (P < .05) than all other treatments. Bioavailability of Se to broiler chickens was not different (P > .05) among PC (65.2%), CS (61.2%), and GS (70.7%) birds. This study indicates that the Se from Se-enriched garlic and cabbage is highly bioavailable and can potentially be beneficial in enhancing Se status and GPX activity.
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PMID:Selenium-enriched garlic and cabbage as a dietary selenium source for broilers. 1905 61

The purpose of the investigation was to study age-related changes in reaction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme system in response to acute psychoemotional stress in non human primates. Ten young (6-8 years) and ten old (20-26 years) healthy female rhesus monkeys were subjected to acute moderate psycho-emotional stress (two hours squeeze cage restraint) at 15:00 h. Plasma cortisol (F), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, gluthatione reductase (GR), gluthatione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in erythrocytes were measured before stress and 30, 60, 120, 240 min and 24 h after beginning of the stress. In young monkeys SOD activity decreased in response to the stress while it increased in the half of old monkeys. Young animals also demonstrated essentially higher increase in plasma F level and GR activity in response to the restraint, in comparison with old monkeys. Level of TBARS did not change in response to the stress in young animals and significantly increased in old monkeys. The age-related alterations in F, SOD, and GR stress responsiveness lead to activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids that may be considered as an important factor of aging damage of erythrocyte functioning and reliability of oxygen transport to tissues under stress conditions.
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PMID:[Stress, aging, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and reliability of antioxidant enzyme defence]. 1943 5

Acute exercise in mice induces intestinal lymphocyte (IL) apoptosis. Freewheel running reduces apoptosis and forced exercise training increases splenocyte antioxidant levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of freewheel running and acute exercise on mouse IL numbers and concentrations of apoptosis and antioxidant proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in IL. Female C57BL/6 mice had access to in-cage running wheels (RW) or cages without wheels (NRW) for 16 weeks and were randomized at the end of training to no exercise control (TC) or to treadmill exercise with sacrifice after 90 min of running (TREAD; 30 min, 22 m min(-1); 30 min, 25 m min(-1); 30 min, 28 m min(-1); 2 degrees slope). IL were analyzed for pro-(caspase 3 and 7) and anti-(Bcl-2) apoptotic proteins, endogenous antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase: GPx; catalase: CAT) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha. RW mice had higher cytochrome oxidase (p<0.001) and citrate synthase (p<0.01) activities in plantaris and soleus muscles and higher GPx and CAT expression in IL (p<0.05) (indicative of training) compared with NRW mice. TNF-alpha expression was lower (p<0.05) and IL numbers higher (p<0.05) in RW vs. NRW mice. No training effect was observed for apoptotic protein expression, although TREAD resulted in higher caspase and lower Bcl-2. These results suggest that freewheel running in mice for 16 weeks enhances antioxidant and reduces TNF-alpha expression in IL but does not reduce pro-apoptotic protein expression after acute exercise. Results are discussed in terms of implications for inflammatory bowel diseases where apoptotic proteins and TNF-alpha levels are elevated.
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PMID:Voluntary exercise training in mice increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes and decreases the expression of TNF-alpha in intestinal lymphocytes. 1948 47

A study using 144 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers was conducted to assess the effects of dried ginger root (Zingiber officinale) that was processed to particle sizes of 300, 149, 74, 37, and 8.4 microm on growth performance, antioxidant status, and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. The birds were housed in 24 wire cages in an environmentally controlled room. Dietary treatments were no supplementation (control) and supplementation with ginger root processed to 5 particle sizes at the level of 5 g/kg of diet. Average daily gain, ADFI, and feed conversion rate of chicks of each cage were measured weekly. Blood samples from 8 broilers per treatment were obtained at d 21 and 42 of the experiment to determine antioxidant enzymatic activities and metabolites in the serum, and the birds were subsequently killed to determine carcass yield and abdominal fat content. All broilers had similar ADFI or feed conversion rate over the entire experimental period. However, broilers supplemented with ginger powder tended to have higher ADG and had greater (P=0.014) carcass yield compared with that of the control. Supplementation of ginger increased (P<0.001) activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but reduced (P<0.01) concentrations of malondialdehyde and cholesterol in serum of broilers at 21 and 42 d of age. Concentration of total protein in serum of ginger-supplemented broilers tended (P=0.092) to be higher at 21 d and was higher (P=0.002) at 42 d of age compared with that of control broilers. Reducing particle size of ginger powder linearly reduced (P<0.05) cholesterol (d 21) and linearly increased (P<0.05) glutathione peroxidase (d 21), total superoxide dismutase (d 42), and total protein (d 21 and 42). Supplementation of ginger at the level of 5 g/kg improved antioxidant status of broilers and the efficacy was enhanced as the particle size was reduced from 300 to 37 microm.
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PMID:Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) processed to different particle sizes on growth performance, antioxidant status, and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. 1976 70

Clinical and experimental data point to existence of disturbances of adaptive ability of aged organism to extreme impacts. However mechanisms of these disturbances are not clear yet. The purpose of the investigation was to study age-related changes in reaction of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme system in response to acute psycho-emotional stress and a possible role of these changes in age-related alterations of oxygen blood transport in nonhuman primates. Ten young (6-8 years) and ten old (20-26 years) healthy female rhesus monkeys were subjected to acute moderate psycho-emotional stress (two hours squeeze cage restraint) at 1500h. Plasma cortisol, lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, gluthatione reductase (GR), and gluthatione-S-transferase in erythrocytes were measured before stress and at 30, 60, 120, 240 min and 24 hours after beginning of the stress. We have found for the first time that SOD activity decreased in response to the stress in young monkeys while it increased in the half of old monkeys. Young animals also demonstrated essentially higher increase in GR activity and plasma cortisol level in response to the restraint in comparison with old monkeys. Level of TBARS did not practically change in response to the stress in young animals and significantly increased in old monkeys. The study demonstrated that the age-related alterations in SOD and GR stress responsiveness lead to activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids that may be considered as an important factor of aging damage of erythrocyte functioning and reliability of oxygen transport to tissues under stress conditions.
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PMID:Stress, aging and reliability of antioxidant enzyme defense. 2002 69

Some evidence suggests that sleep deprivation might impair synaptic plasticity and produce oxidative stress in the hippocampus. However it is not clear whether impairment of long-term potentiation depends on the oxidative stress evoked by sleep deprivation protocol. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of a 21-day sleep deprivation period on long-term plasticity taking into account the stressful effect of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was carried out using the multiple platforms method on adult male Wistar rats. Long-term potentiation was studied in the medial perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapses. Elevated T test was applied, and blood corticosterone levels were measured. Lipid peroxidation products in whole brain and hippocampus were determined. No significant difference was found between the sleep deprived, pedestal and cage control groups at the end of the 21-day period when corticosterone levels were compared. The results of the elevated T test indicated that sleep deprivation did not change the anxiety-like behavior of the animals. When compared with cage or pedestal control groups, sleep deprived rats displayed elevated malondialdehyde levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities together with impaired long-term potentiation maintenance. It can be argued that 21-day SD may impair the maintenance of long-term potentiation evoked in the dentate gyrus, and the balance between oxidant and antioxidant defenses of the hippocampus.
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PMID:The effects of long-term sleep deprivation on the long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus and brain oxidation status in rats. 2125


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