Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of social stress (SS) and a high salt diet on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR): S/JR male rats (which exhibit marked elevations in SBP when placed on a high sodium diet) and R/JR male rats (which are resistant to the BP-elevating effects of a high sodium diet) were maintained on a low sodium diet (0.3% NaCl) or placed on a high sodium diet (8% NaCl). Within each dietary condition independent groups were either exposed to SS, by placement in the cage of a trained fighter male (Long-Evans breed) for 25 min, or exposed to no stress. The dietary regimen was imposed for 10 days with stress exposures on Days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9, with SBP and HR measured indirectly by tail plethysmography 3 min following exposure to SS. SS produced an acute decrease in SBP (20-30 mm Hg) in S/JR rats on the second and subsequent exposures, but did not affect HR. SS did not affect SBP of R/JR rats, but did produce a significant elevation of HR. Maintenance on the high sodium diet increased SBP in S/JR, but not R/JR, rats when it was measured on the eighth (no stress) day, but SS obscured the effects of diet on SBP on days when rats were stressed. Following exposure to attacks, defeated SS rats displayed an upright submissive posture relatively late during the first stress exposure when no change in SBP was observed after SS in S/JRs, but displayed the submissive posture immediately and with long duration on the second and subsequent exposures when a marked decrement in SBP was seen.
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PMID:Effects of social defeat on acute cardiovascular response in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. 381 42

Three rats were trained and given extensive experience with an operant-conditioning model of alcohol self-administration which produces pharmacologically significant drug intake. In this model, lever presses on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement allowed the animal brief access to an 8% (w/v) alcohol solution. Drug intake was then assessed when the animals were given a low-sodium diet and a low-sodium diet in combination with injections of the salt-losing diuretic furosemide (Lasix). In all cases, the low-sodium diet/furosemide treatment produced a substantial reduction in drug self-administration without changing water self-administration. In one case, introducing furosemide into the home-cage drinking water without a change of diet also brought about a decrease in alcohol self-administration. The low-sodium diet alone was ineffective in this regard. These findings corroborate earlier work using this form of treatment and are discussed in terms of the possible functional mode(s) of action of the treatment. The viability of this treatment for human drug-taking is also considered.
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PMID:Diet and diuretics in the reduction of voluntary alcohol drinking in rats. 395 33

Structures resembling nuclei are released when HeLa cells are lysed in a detergent and 2 M salt. These nucleoids, which lack any organized membrane structure, contain all the nuclear DNA packaged within a cage of RNA and protein. Their DNA is supercoiled so that the linear DNA must remain unbroken and looped during lysis. Following digestion with the restriction endonuclease, EcoRI, cages and associated DNA were filtered free of unattached DNA. Pulse-labelled (i.e. newly synthesized) DNA remains preferentially associated with the cages. This association has been confirmed by autoradiography. When nucleoids are prepared for electron microscopy by the Kleinschmidt procedure the DNA spills out to form a skirt around the flattened cage. Labelling, which is restricted to the region of the cage after short pulses, extends out into the skirt as the labelling time increases. A model, based on the premise that replication takes place at the nuclear cage, is presented in the Appendix. The results of the biochemical experiments and electron microscopy both indicate that the average size of the unit of replication is approximately 2 micrometer. This is about one-quarter the size of the average structural unit - the loop. Therefore sequences in the loop must become attached to the nuclear cage prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis.
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PMID:DNA is replicated at the nuclear cage. 722 13

Reduction of renal mass (RRM) combined with a high-salt diet results in volume retention, a rise of cardiac output, and hypertension. The present studies were designed to determine whether prevention of volume retention would alter the rise of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in RRM rats given high salt. Rats were studied in a modified metabolic cage to permit continuous determination of total body weight (TBW). In group 1, NaCl was increased from 1 to 14.5 meq/day and delivered isotonically. In group 2, NaCl was increased while TBW was servo-controlled to a constant level. Group 3 was also servo-controlled, but rats received an intravenous infusion of an arginine vasopressin V1 antagonist throughout the study. MAP in group 1 rose 24 mmHg by day 4 of high salt with a parallel increase of TBW of 26 g. In group 2, MAP rose 48 mmHg by day 4 of high salt, while TBW was controlled to within 0.6% of control body weight. With inhibition of vasopressin V1 receptors (group 3), MAP rose 39 mmHg. Nearly equivalent amounts of NaCl were retained in all groups, which was associated with no change of plasma Na in group 1 but an increase of nearly 7 meq/ml in groups 2 and 3. Hematocrit fell nearly 9% in groups 2 and 3 compared with a 4% reduction in group 1. The results suggest that under conditions where net retention cannot occur, high salt intake increases MAP by an osmotically driven fluid transfer from cells, which results in an even greater expansion of blood volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypertension induced by high salt intake in absence of volume retention in reduced renal mass rats. 797 2

1. To examine whether the hyperdipsic response to chronic administration of d,l-amphetamine (AMPH) is associated with modification of salt appetite, rats were allowed to choose between tap water and a 1.7% NaCl solution. 2. Under AMPH rats preferred water to saline throughout the experiment. 3. By testing rats in a distinct test cage environmental influences on AMPH-mediated hyperdipsia were also evaluated. 4. In the test cage hyperdipsia was suppressed, but preference for tap water was preserved. 5. Finally, the role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the drinking response to AMPH was evaluated by studying the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on water intake. 6. We conclude that AMPH-induced preference for tap water over saline is unrelated to hyperdipsia but, being also induced by yohimbine, it may depend on noradrenergic mechanisms.
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PMID:Physiological and environmental aspects of drinking stimulated by chronic exposure to amphetamine in rats. 802 15

Mother-infant interaction was observed in Long-Evans and Fischer 344 rats after fostering within or across strains. Interactions immediately following introduction of foster pups to the cage as well as undisturbed interactions with resident litters were examined. Some differences were related to alien status, some to strain of pups, and others to strain of dams. Greater responsiveness to pups of the maternal strain was exhibited in retrieval and body licking. Long-Evans pups received more crouching from dams of both strains 3-12 days postpartum, perhaps because they are significantly larger. Regardless of pup strain, Long-Evans dams engaged in more maternal licking than did F344 dams, and this was more likely directed to the anogenital region. Dams of both strains were more likely to lick male than female pups, regardless of pup strain. The strain difference in maternal licking is consistent with adult strain differences in water and salt appetite and may contribute developmentally to the superior copulatory performance of Long-Evans males.
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PMID:Mother-infant interactions in two strains of rats: implications for dissociating mechanism and function of a maternal pattern. 914 6

We have found that the antibody A2, a marker for the capsule of steroidogenic lipid droplets, reacts with an intermediate filament-associated protein, P200, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Supporting evidence came from the colocalization pattern of P200 with vimentin in double label experiments. The association of P200 with vimentin was further confirmed by its copurification with vimentin after high salt extraction and colocalization of these two proteins in high salt-extracted and vinblastine-treated cells. In preadipocytes this protein was distributed on the vimentin filament network. At the early stage of adipose conversion, this protein was found to encircle nascent lipid droplets ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 micron, accompanied with a decreased distribution on the vimentin filament system. This infers a possible translocation of P200 from the vimentin filaments to the droplet surface. Meanwhile, the vimentin filaments remained in a normal distribution in the cytoplasm and were apparently not associated with the nascent droplet. The association of vimentin filaments to droplet surfaces became prominent in lipid droplets larger than 0.2 micron, forming a typical vimentin cage. Immunogold staining also confirmed the translocation of P200 immunoreactivity from the droplet surface to the vimentin cage. The relocation of P200 from the cytoplasmic vimentin filaments to the droplet surface prior to the formation of the vimentin cage, as well as the reorganization of this protein in the vimentin cage, suggests a stabilizing role in the lipid droplet formation and an inducing function of this protein in the formation of the vimentin cage.
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PMID:Reorganization of a novel vimentin-associated protein in 3T3-L1 cells during adipose conversion. 932 42

The present study describes the development and characterization of a novel technique, the alkaline-halo assay, for the assessment of DNA single strand breakage in mammalian cells. This technique allows the measurement of DNA lesions at the single cell level and presents the additional advantages of being rapid, sensitive, virtually costless and environmentally friendly, because it does not require the use of isotopes. The alkaline halo assay involves a series of sequential steps in which the cells are first treated, then embedded in melted agarose and spread onto microscope slides that are incubated for 2 min at ice-bath temperature to allow complete geling. The slides are then incubated for 20 min in a high salt alkaline lysis solution, for an additional 15 min in a hypotonic alkaline solution and, finally, for 10 min in ethidium bromide. Under these conditions, single-stranded DNA fragments spread radially from the nuclear cage and generate a fluorescent image that resembles a halo concentric to the nucleus remnants. The area of the halos increased at increasing levels of DNA fragmentation and this process was associated with a progressive reduction of areas of the nuclear remnants. These events were conveniently monitored with a fluorescence microscope and quantified by image processing analysis. The sensitivity of the alkaline-halo assay, which is based on the osmotically driven radial diffusion of single-stranded DNA fragments through agarose pores, is remarkably similar to that of the widely used alkaline elution and comet assays.
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PMID:Osmotically driven radial diffusion of single-stranded DNA fragments on an agarose bed as a convenient measure of DNA strand scission. 1023 47

Trypanosomatids have a striking cage-like arrangement of submembraneous microtubules. We previously showed that alpha- and beta- tubulins of these stable microtubules are extensively modified by polyglutamylation. Cytoskeletal microtubular preparations obtained by Triton extraction of Leishmania tarentolae and Crithidia fasciculata retain an enzymatic activity that incorporates radioactive glutamic acid in a Mg2+-ATP-dependent manner into alpha- and beta-tubulins. The tubulin polyglutamylase is extracted by 0.25 M salt. The Crithidia enzyme can be purified by ATP-affinity chromatography, glycerol-gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography. After extraction from the microtubular cytoskeleton the glutamylase forms a complex with alphabeta tubulin, but behaves after removal of tubulin as a globular protein with a molecular mass of 38x10(3). In highly enriched fractions a corresponding band is the major polypeptide visible in SDS-PAGE. The enzyme from Crithidia recognises mammalian brain tubulin, where it incorporates glutamic acid preferentially into the more acidic variants of both alpha- and beta-tubulins. Synthetic peptides with an oligoglutamyl side chain, corresponding to the carboxy-terminal end of brain alpha- and beta-tubulins, are accepted by the enzyme, albeit at low efficiency. The polyglutamylase elongates the side chain by up to 3 and 5 residues, respectively. Other properties of the tubulin polyglutamylase are also discussed.
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PMID:Isolation of tubulin polyglutamylase from Crithidia; binding to microtubules and tubulin, and glutamylation of mammalian brain alpha- and beta-tubulins. 1036 48

The present study was designed to investigate whether antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of K were achieved by elevation of nitric oxide (NO) production in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. The rats were placed in individual metabolic cage and fed a high sodium diet with or without K supplementation for 4 weeks. K supplementation counteracted the blood-pressure raising effect of NaCl. K supplementation significantly enhanced sodium excretion and reduced sodium retention, increased the urinary nitrite plus nitrate excretion and kidney constitutive NO synthase activity in salt-loaded DS rats. These effect did not occur in the rats fed a low sodium diet with K supplementation. These results suggest that K supplementation attenuates development of hypertension with reduction of sodium retention in salt-loaded DS rats, which is mediated by the recovery of salt-induced NO production mechanism.
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PMID:Potassium supplementation increases sodium excretion and nitric oxide production in hypertensive Dahl rats. 1057 20


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