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Three experiments with C57BL/10J mice examined the possible roles of cage size and simple motor practice as factors responsible for producing improved performance of animals reared in enriched environments. Neither factor was found sufficient to improve subsequent performance in a food-seeking task. Mice reared in flat environments containing a variety of objects, but designed to prevent any climbing practice, out-performed nonenriched animals on a task requiring extensive climbing activity.
Dev Psychobiol 1977 Sep
PMID:The role of motor learning and cage size in the early enrichment effect in mice. 91 90

The behavioral of 21-day old rats whose mothers were administered heroin (5 mg/kg daily) throughout gestation and lactation was studied utilizing an activity wheel, activity cage, open field test, and step-down latency times from an elevated platform. The total score of all behavioral tasks of offspring from heroin-injected females was statistically different from that of pups from saline-injected mothers, with heroin-treated animals appearing more active.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1977 Sep
PMID:Effect of maternally administered heroin on the motor activity of rat offspring. 92 85

In order to learn more about their ability to recognize one another via olfaction, domestic male rats were given a series of preference tests in which pairs of odors from male conspecifics were presented. Both immature and mature males prefer (p less than .05) the odor from immature strangers over that from immature cage mates but are indifferent to the ordors from mature strangers versus cage mates. Both immature and mature males prefer (p less than .05) the odor from mature novel cage mates over that from mature cage mates to which they are temporarily habituated but are indifferent to the odors from immature novel versus familial cage mates. Mature males prefer (p less than .08) the odor from a cage mate over the subject's own odor, and they prefer (p less than .01) their own odor over no odor. Under certain conditions, male rats can discriminate between the odors from (a) strangers versus cage mates, (b) two cage mates, and (c) their own body versus a cage mate.
J Comp Physiol Psychol 1976 Sep
PMID:Olfactory recognition of conspecifics by domestic Norway rats. 96 30

Differences in radiosensitivity, expressed by the death rate up to the 30th day after irradiation by single whole-body exposures in the region of LD50, were followed in mice caged in groups by five, 15 and 25 individuals. No marked differences in the whole=group mortality of differently sized collectives were detected. Preirradiation as well as postirradiation leucocyte counts (after a sublethal irradiation) exhibit, however, differences, which correspond to an assumed different degree of the adrenocortical activity in differently sized collectives. Also the follow-up of the stress reactivity of the animals by measuring the Na/K ratio in 24-hour-samples of urine prior to irradiation demonstrated marked differences between the groups with low number and high number of animals in a cage. By correlating values of this indirect indicator of the adrenocortical activity with manifestations of the individual radiosensitivity it was found that the extremely hyporeactive animals (belonging to groups with five animals per cage) and the extremely hyperreactive ones (belonging to groups with 25 animals per cage) exhibit a markedly higher mortality. The absence of differences in the whole-group mortality of differently sized collectives can be explained by the existence of nonlinear "U"-shaped relations between the adrenocortical activity and the individuals' radiosensitivity. The results support the conception on the unfavorable prognostic significance of unbalanced reactions of homeostatic functions of system regulation under conditions of radiation syndrome.
Strahlentherapie 1976 Sep
PMID:The relationship between the population size and the postirradiation mortality of mice with respect to individual differences in stress reactivity. 96 28

The influence of thirty-four adamantane, protoadamantane, and homoadamantane derivatives on the phase transition characteristics of the bilayer in dipalmitoyl lecithin liposomes has been determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Each of these compounds induces a broadening of the phase transition profile of the lipid bilayer that is dependent upon the concentration of the solute and its molecular structure. The concentration--response curves obtained for these solutes suggest that the cage compound derivatives modify the phase properties and under some conditions may induce a phase separation in the doped bilayer. The relative activity sequences obtained for the compounds examined cannot be accounted for by simple considerations of lipid/water partition coefficients, substitution constants based on free energy relationships, or the relative polarities or sizes of substituent groups. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the position and orientation of a solute within the bilayer are critical factors in determining its relative potency. The position of a solute within the bilayer is significantly controlled by the presence of polar substituents and by the relative geometric relationships of these groups. For a given substituent group, the shape and size of the hydrocarbon cage becomes increasingly important. It is apparent that seemingly minor modifications in the structure of a solute can significantly alter its influence on the phase transition behavior of a bilayer.
Chem Phys Lipids 1976 Sep
PMID:Phase transition in a lipid bilayer. II. Influence of adamantane derivatives. 97 48

A series of experiments was conducted to assess the influence of home-cage lighting conditions on shock-induced aggression in rats. The first two experiments tested rats six times within 24 hr and demonstrated that subjects maintained on a light/dark (LD) cycle fought more than rats maintained on a 24-hr light schedule (LL). In addition, a periodic trend could be identified in the data of the LD groups but not in the data of the LL groups. The second two experiments assessed the effects of castration on this lighting effect. Castration of adults did not influence the lighting effects, but castration of weanling rats eliminated the group difference between LL and LD groups. However, the LD rats castrated at weaning did show the periodic trend characteristic of all of the LD groups tested within 24 hr. Two additional experiments assessed the effects of time of testing in between-subjects designs. Time of testing was a significant variable in the LD groups but unimportant in the LL groups. A final experiment demonstrated that the difference between the LD and LL groups does not emerge in a daily testing procedure.
J Comp Physiol Psychol 1976 Sep
PMID:Influence of home-cage lighting conditions on shock-induced fighting. 98 77

In a series of experiments the effects of colony lighting conditions on home-cage aggression were examined, and the relation among measures of home-cage aggressive behavior and shock-induced aggression were determined. In each experiment rats were maintained under either a light/dark (LD) cycle or a continous light (LL) schedule. Experiments 1A and 1B indicated that for cages of LD rats the highest rates of home-cage aggression occurred during the dark segment of the light cycle whereas the lowest rates of aggression characterized the light segment. In contrast, the rate of home-cage aggression was low and constant across time periods for cages of LL rats. Reflecting these differences between lighting conditions, regression analyses in Experiment 1B identified a periodic trend following the fundamental sine curve in the home-cage aggression data from cages of LD rats but not in the data from cages of LL rats. In Experiment 2 the relation between individual differences in home-cage aggression and shock-induced aggression and shock-induced aggression was found to be time dependent for pairs of LD rats. Correlations based on scores of home-cage aggression and shock-induced aggression obtained during the dark segment were positive and statistically significant. Correlations of these two aggressive behaviors based on scores obtained during the light segment were not statistically significant. For pairs of LL rats, no time-dependent pattern in the relation of home-cage aggression to shock-induced aggression was observed.
J Comp Physiol Psychol 1976 Sep
PMID:Influence of colony lighting conditions on home-cage spontaneous aggression. 98 78

An automatic piped aerosol system (Accudose TM) using 0.7% synergized pyrethrin insecticide, was tested at a typical narrow cage poultry farm for the control of adult house flies, Musca domestica L. A similar narrow cage poultry farm was used as a control with all house fly control measures left up to the cooperating poultryman. AccudoseTM was compared with other house fly control methods at other similar farms which included three types of man-portable ultra volume (ULV) generators and an integrated (biological-chemical) program. Results of the five month test demonstrated that the AccudoseTM system suppressed house fly populations better than other control methods.
Poult Sci 1976 Sep
PMID:Accudosetm aerosol--an effective house fly (Diptera; Muscidae: Musca domestica L.) adulticide control system for cage type poultry houses. 99 14

Hens housed in individual cages (25 46 cm.) laid significantly more eggs, consumed significantly more feed and had significantly larger livers with a higher lipid content than hens housed three to a cage in two experiments. Body weight gain was significantly higher for individually housed birds in experiment 1, but not in experiment 2. No difference was observed in mean egg weight or kg. feed per dozen eggs. In experiment 2 hens housed two to a cage laid slightly fewer eggs and accumulated slightly less liver fat but the differences were not significantly different fromthose housed individually. Hens socially dominant in three bird pens had higher liver fat accumulation than hens lower on the peck order but liver fat accumulation for the dominant hens still averaged less than hens housed either two or one per cage. Comparison of two strains in experiment 1 revealed a significant difference in rate of egg production and feed efficiency but no difference in liver fat accumulation. Pullets placed in four body weight classes prior to the start of the experiment did not differ significantly in liver fat accumulation per unit of body weight or percentof dry matter of the liver at the end of the experiment. Rate of egg production and feed efficiency were also not significantly different among the body weight classes.
Poult Sci 1976 Sep
PMID:Liver lipid accumulation and performance of hens as affected by cage density and initial body weight. 99 15

Stability in lobar ventilation was examined in dogs during bilateral electrophrenic respiration (BEPR) and positive pressure-assisted ventilation (PPAV). Bilateral prior ligation of the lower and middle lobe pulmonary arteries monitoring of upper lobe ventilation as alveolar minute ventilation (VA), middle and lower lobe ventilation as dead space (VD), and VD/VT ratio, both calculated by the Bohr equation. As documented by chest films, transverse and anteroposterior thoracic diameters during BEPR decreased below FRC values whereas thoracic cephalocaudal dimension greatly increased. During PPAV, all thoracic dimensions increased. Despite these dissimilar regional chest movements, VA, VD, and VD/VT ratio were comparable between PPAV and BEPR under conditions of matched tidal volume and respiratory frequency. Stability in upper lobe ventilation during BEPR was maintained by caudal displacement despite the compression of the rib cage, as documented by tantalum bronchography. Lobar-interdependence appears to be the mechanism transmitting negative pleural pressure developed by the diaphragm to the upper lobes via lower and middle lobe inflation.
J Appl Physiol 1975 Sep
PMID:Stability in lobar ventilation distribution during change in thoracic configuration. 110 May 94


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