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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Estrogen-induced polydipsia was influenced by environmental conditions in which Marsh mice were housed in plastic cages with bedding or in metal cages having grilled floors and no bedding. Increases in this polydipsia with metal-cage housing were reversed upon return to plastic. The increases over controls as ml/kg body weight ranged from 40 to 250%. After an initial fall in food consumption following estrogenization, controls and estrogenized mice consumed nearly the same amount of food/mouse but 10% more for the estrogenized mice on a g/kg body-weight basis. Increased food consumption for controls and estrogenized mice following the change from plastic to metal cages was attributed to compensation for increased loss of body heat. Whether in plastic or metal cages, core temperatures of controls were higher than those of estrogenized mice; both groups had relatively higher temperatures in the metal cages. The older mice in metal cages developed a gnawing pattern wasting food. In five experiments with males, body-weight losses following estrogenization were maintained 43 to 70 days but recovered in 2 of 4 experiments with females under comparable conditions.
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PMID:Long-term estrogenization in mammals. II. Environmental influences of housing conditions upon estrogen-induced polydipsia and food intake in Marsh mice. 736 51

Camptomelic syndrome is a severe malformation disorder affecting infant cartilage and bone formation. This syndrome is also characterized by sex reversal in a significant proportion of phenotypic females. In this case report, the authors describe a typical case of camptomelic syndrome in a black infant who had been exposed in utero to an oral contraceptive (OC). The infant was born after a full-term pregnancy. The mother had taken an OC containing 0.5-1.0 mg norethindrone and 0.035 mg ethinyl estradiol. Exposure had occurred for 6 months after conception. Parents were healthy and unrelated. The infant exhibited significant bone malformation in her legs, arms, feet, spine, and rib cage. Chromosome analysis yielded a normal 46,XY G-banded karyotype. The infant died at the age of 3 years, 6 months. Autopsy findings evidenced a female reproductive system. Microscopic examination of ovarian tissues revealed only immature sex cords; no oocytes were found. The authors briefly comment on camptomelic syndrome cases previously reported and implications of X-Y chromosome-gene effects associated with this syndrome. This may be the second reported case involving exposure to OCs early in pregnancy and sex reversal.
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PMID:A genetic male infant with female phenotype in camptomelic syndrome: a possible relationship to exposure to oral contraceptives during pregnancy. 789 46

The role of gene expression of the estrogen receptor-alpha form (ER alpha) in the regulation of female reproductive behavior was investigated in estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) mice, deficient specifically for the ER alpha, but not the ER beta, gene. Estrogen- or estrogen- plus progesterone-treated gonadectomized ERKO mice did not show any lordosis response. Detailed behavioral analysis revealed that ERKO females were also deficient in sexual behavioral interactions preceding the lordosis response. They were extremely rejective toward attempted mounts by stud male mice, which could not show any intromissions. During resident-intruder aggression tests, gonadally intact ERKO females were more aggressive toward female intruder mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Gonadectomy did not influence the levels of aggressive behavior, and their genotype differences when mice were tested both before and after gonadectomy. However, when mice were tested after gonadectomy for the first time, very few ERKO mice showed aggression. In contrast to aggression, male-type sexual behavior shown by resident mice toward female intruder mice during aggression tests was not different between ERKO and WT mice and was completely abolished after gonadectomy of the resident mice. Finally, it was also found that ERKO females showed greatly reduced levels of parental behavior toward newborn pups placed in their home cage. These changes in parental behavior were not influenced by gonadectomy. ERKO females retrieved significantly fewer numbers of pups with longer latencies compared with wild-type (WT) or heterozygous (HZ) littermates when they were tested as gonadally intact or 20-65 days after gonadectomy. In addition, during parental behavior tests, a significantly higher percentage of ERKO mice exhibited infanticide compared with WT and HZ mice, which rarely showed infanticide. Taken together, these findings suggest that ER alpha gene expression plays a key role in female mice, not only for sexual behavior but also for other interrelated behaviors, such as parental and aggressive behaviors. In addition, persistence of genotype differences in parental and aggressive behavior after gonadectomy indicates that ER alpha activation during neural developmental processes may also be involved in the regulation of these behaviors.
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PMID:Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in reproduction-related behaviors in female mice. 983 46

In this study we employed a raised cage model in combination with estrogen to observe their effects on the proximal tibial metaphysis (PTM) and tibial shaft (TX) in sham-operated or ovariectomized rats. A total of 105 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Bilateral sham ovariectomy or ovariectomy was performed at day 0 and the rats were housed in normal height or raised cages (RCs) and injected subcutaneously twice per week with 10 microg/kg of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or vehicle for 4 and 8 weeks. Because the time course of bone loss or bone gain distribution was not uniform in the metaphyses of the tibia, we subdivided the PTM into three zones (medial, central, and lateral) to observe the different bone loss or bone gain patterns after ovariectomy and/or raised cages. We found that: (1) E2 alone did not alter bone area or architecture in sham rats, whereas RC alone increased trabecular thickness and area of PTM, but had no effects on TX; (2) Ovx induced most bone loss from the central zone of the PTM and endocortical surface of TX, accompanied by decreased trabecular number and increased bone resorption; (3) E2 alone prevented ovx-induced bone loss by preserving trabecular number and depressing bone resorption; (4) RC alone partially compensated for bone loss following ovx by thickening the surviving trabeculae in lateral and medial zones, and tended to stimulate bone formation and decrease bone resorption; and (5) RC plus E2 increased trabecular bone area by having an additive effect on bone resorption and bone turnover. RCs helped to prevent the depressive effect of estrogen on periosteal bone formation. In conclusion, early and rapid bone loss occurred in the central zone of the metaphysis and endocortical surface after ovx. Estrogen replacement therapy prevented this loss. Raised cages partially compensated for bone loss following ovx by thickening the trabeculae in the lateral area of the metaphysis and decreased endocortical erosion. Combination treatment added bone to the PTM and prevented the decrease of periosteal bone formation after estrogen administration.
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PMID:Bipedal stance exercise enhances antiresorption effects of estrogen and counteracts its inhibitory effect on bone formation in sham and ovariectomized rats. 1150 73

Estrogen has been shown to affect nonreproductive behaviors in humans and rodents, including anxiety, fear, and activity levels. Rat studies have shown increases and decreases in these behaviors. Inconsistencies may be due to differences in testing conditions and the extent to which each test measures anxiety, fear, or activity. Few mouse studies have been performed. The present study was conducted to address these issues by examining the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) in ovariectomized (OVX), C57BL/6 mice on a range of behavioral paradigms measuring anxiety [open field (OF), dark-light transition (DLT), elevated plus maze (EP)], activity [running wheel (RW)], and conditioned fear learning (FCon). In OF, vehicle (Veh) animals spent more time in the center than EB-treated animals and were more active overall. In DLT, Veh animals were more active than EB-treated animals in both the dark and light compartments and made more transitions between the two. In EP, Veh animals entered a greater number of arms. During FCon, EB animals froze more than Veh to the conditioned stimulus. In contrast, in the home cage RW, EB animals were more active than Veh. Factor analysis was used to characterize intertask correlations of females' behavior and to explore the possibility that estrogen may have an impact on a general arousal factor. In sum, estrogen treatment heightened fear responses in a range of fear and anxiety-provoking situations (OF, DLT, EP, and FCon), while increasing activity in the safer RW. We suggest that EB treatment may result in a generally more aroused animal.
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PMID:Effects of estrogen on activity and fear-related behaviors in mice. 1171 76

Estrogen has effects on activity levels and emotional reactivity in both humans and rats. In a recent study conducted in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 (C57) mice we found that treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) increased anxiety, fear learning, and running wheel activity relative to vehicle control (Veh). The present study was conducted to examine the stability of these findings across mouse strains (C57 and Swiss-Webster; SW), to get a better sense of the magnitude of the anxiety response by reducing baseline anxiety levels, and to discover if EB affects activity levels in a safe environment other than the home-cage running wheel. Mice of both strains treated with EB (s.c. implant, 25 microg in sesame oil, which enters the body over 5 weeks) were more anxious than Veh animals in the open field, elevated plus, and dark-light transition tests. SW animals were less anxious than C57 in the elevated plus. EB-treated animals of both strains were more active in the running wheel than Veh animals, and more active in the test of spontaneous activity in the home cage. EB-treatment also increased fear learning in a step-down avoidance task. EB appears to have a consistent but moderate effect in elevating anxiety and in increasing fear learning in two strains of mice. It is also involved in increasing activity in two different types of locomotion in the safer home cage. We conclude that these results of increased anxiety/fear and increased activity are suggestive of a general increase in arousal, with both sets of responses increasing the likelihood of reproductive behaviors occurring only when the environment predicts success.
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PMID:Estrogen's effects on activity, anxiety, and fear in two mouse strains. 1185 61

This study was designed to study the individual or combined effects of estrogen and bipedal stance "exercise" on the lumbar vertebral body (LVB) and femoral neck (FN). At 6 months of age, six rats were sacrificed as baseline controls and all the others were either bilateral sham-ovariectomized or ovariectomized (OVX). Groups of OVX rats were housed in normal height cage (NC, 28 cm) or raised height cages (RC, 33 cm) and received biweekly s.c. injections of 10 microg/kg 17 beta estradiol (E2) or vehicle for 4 and 8 weeks. Histomorphometric measurements were performed on the undecalcified mid-transverse sections of the 4th LVB and FN. Ovariectomy alone induced cancellous bone loss by 21% and 39% in the LVB and FN, respectively; intracortical porosity area of the FN increased by 108% while total bone area did not change significantly because of the periosteal expansion following OVX. E2 alone partially prevented cancellous bone loss in the LVB and FN and prevented increased intracortical porosity area in the FN by reducing eroded surface and activation frequency. RC alone partially prevented the decrease of cancellous bone in the LVB and FN by reducing the bone-eroded surface but increased wall width. E2 plus RC completely preserved cancellous bone by having an additive effect on reducing eroded surface and activation frequency. RC helped to partially prevent decreased periosteal bone formation after estrogen administration. In conclusion, apart from inducing cancellous bone loss in the LVB and FN, OVX also increased intracortical remodeling in the FN. Estrogen prevented the overall activation of remodeling space induced by OVX. Apart from having similar effects as estrogen on remodeling space, RC induced positive bone balance within each remodeling unit. Combination treatment increased total bone mass beyond that of sham-control level by having an additive effect on lowering bone remodeling and increasing wall in both the LVB and FN.
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PMID:Estrogen and "exercise" have a synergistic effect in preventing bone loss in the lumbar vertebra and femoral neck of the ovariectomized rat. 1237 Jul 95

We assessed the hypothesis that chronic estrogen replacement in ovariectomized rats has the beneficial effect of suppressing stress-induced cardiovascular responses through endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We employed a radiotelemetry system to measure blood pressure and heart rate (HR). Female Wistar rats aged 11 wk were ovariectomized and implanted with radiotelemetry devices. After 4 wk, the rats were assigned either to a placebo-treated group (Placebo; n=6) or a group treated with 17beta-estradiol (Estrogen; n=8) subcutaneously implanted with either placebo- or 17beta-estradiol (1.5 mg/60-day release) pellets under anesthesia. These rats underwent either of the two types of stress after 4 wk of estrogen or placebo treatment. Cage-switch stress and restraint stress rapidly and continuously elevated the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR both in the Placebo and Estrogen groups. However, the MAP and HR responses to cage-switch stress and the MAP but not HR response to restraint stress were attenuated significantly in the Estrogen group compared with the Placebo group. A NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, given in drinking water, reduced the difference in the pressor response to cage-switch between the Estrogen and Placebo groups. In addition, Western blot analysis showed that eNOS expression in the mesentery was increased in the Estrogen group compared with the Placebo group. Thus for the first time we showed that mesenteric eNOS overexpression could explain at least partly why chronic estrogen treatment suppressed the enhanced cardiovascular responses to psychological stress in the ovariectomized rat.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement suppresses stress-induced cardiovascular responses in ovariectomized rats. 1523 1

Estrogen and progestin combination in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the incidence of breast cancer, but decreases the endometrial cancer risk of unopposed estrogen. Therefore, a SERM such as Tibolone, that delivers the beneficial, but not the adverse side effects, of steroid hormones would be clinically advantageous. However, data from the Million Women Study suggests that Tibolone increases the risk of both breast and endometrial cancer. Herein, we assessed the estrogenic and progestagenic actions of Tibolone using transvaginal sonography studies and an in vitro model of breast (ZR-75, MCF7) and endometrial cancer (Ishikawa). The known cancer associated proteins (ER, EGFR, STATS, tissue factor and Bcl-xL) were selected for study. Transvaginal sonography demonstrated that postmenopausal women treated with Tibolone displayed a thinner endometrium than in the late proliferative phase, but had a phenotype characteristic of the secretory phase, thus demonstrating the estrogenic and progestagenic actions of this SERM. In vitro, Tibolone acted as an estrogen in downregulating ER and upregulating Bcl-xL, yet as progesterone, increasing STAT5 and tissue factor in breast cancer cells. The increase in tissue factor by Tibolone correlated with its coagulative potential. Interestingly, EGFR was up-regulated by progesterone in the breast and by estrogen in endometrial cells, while Tibolone increased protein levels in both cell types. In conclusion, this study further demonstrates the estrogenic and progestagenic nature of Tibolone. The pattern of regulation of known oncogenes in cells of breast and endometrial origin dictates caution and vigilance in the prescription of Tibolone and subsequent patient monitoring.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro estrogenic and progestagenic actions of Tibolone. 1623 3

Previous research showed that ferrets of both sexes rely on the perception of conspecifics' body odors to identify and motivate approach towards opposite-sex mating partners, and exposure to male body odors stimulated Fos expression in an olfactory projection circuit of female, but not male, ferrets that terminates in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). We asked whether the female-typical preference of ferrets to approach male as opposed to female body odors in Y-maze tests would be disrupted by VMH lesions. Sexually experienced female ferrets were ovo-hysterectomized prior to receiving bilateral electrolytic lesions of the VMH, the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH) or a sham operation. Subsequently, while receiving estradiol benzoate, females that received either complete or partial bilateral lesions of the VMH approached volatile odors from an anesthetized male on significantly fewer trials than females given POA/AH lesions or a sham operation. Both groups of ferrets with VMH lesion damage reliably discriminated between volatile anal scents as well as urinary odors from the 2 sexes in home cage habituation/dishabituation tests, suggesting that their odor-based sex discrimination remained intact. Females with complete bilateral VMH lesions showed significantly lower acceptance of neck gripping from a stimulus male (receptivity) and more aggression towards the male than all other groups of female subjects. Estrogen-sensitive neurons in the VMH appear to play a central role in female-typical neural processing of odor inputs leading to a preference to seek out a male sex partner, in addition to facilitating females' sexual receptivity.
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PMID:Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions disrupt olfactory mate recognition and receptivity in female ferrets. 1701 61


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