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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Graft chimeras were generated using Lycopersicon pennellii and L. esculentum to determine the contribution of the three meristem layers (L1, L2, and L3) to trichome density, sugar ester production, and aphid resistance. Sugar esters, in the form of triacylglucoses, have been implicated in the aphid resistance of pennellii. One chimera possessed the epidermal layer (L1) of pennellii and the internal tissues (L2 and L3) of the aphid-susceptible esculentum. The second chimera had both the L1 and L2 of pennellii and the L3 of esculentum. Type IV trichome densities did not differ significantly among the chimeras and pennellii. Both chimeras accumulated sugar esters with similar sugar and fatty acid composition as pennellii. The concentration of epicuticular sugar ester on the chimeras was also comparable with that of pennellii. Leaf cage and feeding studies demonstrated that both chimeras are as resistant to aphids as is pennellii. The resistance could be reduced similarly on all three types of plants by removal of the type IV trichome exudate. These results indicate that the presence and density of the type IV trichomes and the amount and type of sugar esters produced are features determined by the genotype of the epidermis. These epidermal features are sufficient to account for the aphid resistance observed in pennellii.
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PMID:Chimeric tomato plants show that aphid resistance and triacylglucose production are epidermal autonomous characters. 213 38

The disposition of ingested olestra in Hanford mini-pigs was examined by following a single oral gavage dose of radiolabelled (U-14C-sucrose) olestra Eight dosed animal (four/sex) and one undosed animal were killed 1, 3 and 7 days after dosing, and tissues were collected and counted. Urine and faeces were collected continuously and counted. Tissue lipids were extracted and analysed for intact radiolabelled olestra by size exclusion chromatography. Sucrose will be excreted in urine if olestra is absorbed and metabolized. Mean recovery of radiolabel was 96.6% of the administered dose. Of the recovered radiolabel, more than 99.4%, on average, was not absorbed and found in faeces, or cage and animal wash solutions. The absorbed radiolabel (0.6%), was distributed across the carcass, all tissues and blood, or excreted in urine. This radiolabel primarily came from the metabolism of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of the trace levels of penta- and lower sucrose esters present in the test material. No radiolabel was found in the olestra-containing fraction of liver lipids, the primary measure of absorbed and non-metabolized olestra, at a detection limit of 0.0002% of dose. A conservative estimate of the amount of 14C-sucrose excreted in the urine was 0.0012%. The total absorption of intact olestra was thus less than 0.0014% of the dose, the sum of the two measures. These results indicate that intact olestra is essentially not absorbed by the weanling mini-pig, an animal with a young developing gastrointestinal tract similar to that of young children (2-5 yr).
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PMID:Disposition of ingested olestra in weanling mini-pigs. 888 70

Human erythrocyte sugar transport presents a functional complexity that is not explained by existing models for carrier-mediated transport. It has been suggested that net sugar uptake is the sum of three serial processes: sugar translocation, sugar interaction with an intracellular binding complex, and the release from this complex into bulk cytosol. The present study was carried out to identify the erythrocyte sugar binding complex, to determine whether sugar binding occurs inside or outside the cell, and to determine whether this binding complex is affected by cytosolic ATP or transporter quaternary structure. Sugar binding assays using cells and membrane protein fractions indicate that sugar binding to erythrocytes is quantitatively accounted for by sugar binding to the hexose transport protein, GluT1. Kinetic analysis of net sugar fluxes indicates that GluT1 sugar binding sites are cytoplasmic. Intracellular ATP increases GluT1 sugar binding capacity from 1 to 2 mol of 3-O-methylglucose/mol GluT1 and inhibits the release of bound sugar into cytosol. Reductant-mediated, tetrameric GluT1 dissociation into dimeric GluT1 is associated with the loss of ATP and 3-O-methylglucose binding. We propose that sugar uptake involves GluT1-mediated, extracellular sugar translocation into an ATP-dependent cage formed by GluT1 cytoplasmic domains. Caged or occluded sugar has three possible fates: (1) transport out of the cell (substrate cycling); (2) interaction with sugar binding sites within the cage, or (3) release into bulk cytosol. We show how this hypothesis can account for the complexity of erythrocyte sugar transport and its regulation by cytoplasmic ATP.
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PMID:ATP-dependent substrate occlusion by the human erythrocyte sugar transporter. 1071 21

Conditioned stimuli (CS) can be devalued by exposure to those stimuli in the absence of primary reward. We tested the hypothesis that dopamine (DA) mediates the control of behavior by conditioned appetitive stimuli. Long-Evans rats were trained to respond for sucrose under a heterogeneous chain schedule in which seeking responses (lever press) turned on a houselight [variable interval (VI)-120 s]; taking responses (wheel turn or chain pull) in the presence of the houselight were reinforced [fixed ratio (FR)-1] by a sucrose pellet. When responding on this schedule was stable, the levers were retracted and subjects had access to the sucrose-taking manipulandum only. Sucrose-taking responses were either extinguished or reinforced under the influence of the DA antagonist, pimozide. Control groups were also reinforced for sucrose-taking responses but received no injection or a vehicle injection prior to each session. Responses of extinction and pimozide-treated groups declined over sessions. Sucrose-seeking responses were measured in a later test when subjects had no access to the sucrose-taking manipulandum or to the reinforcer. Both extinction and pimozide manipulations reduced seeking responses, relative to the respective control groups. Pimozide injections in the home cage had no effect. These data support the idea that DA mediates the conditioned reinforcing properties provided by access to the taking link of the chain.
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PMID:Pimozide, like extinction, devalues stimuli associated with sucrose taking. 1132 15

In a 2-yr field study, mature orchard plants of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade variety 'Climax'), plus potted pollenizers ('Premier') were caged with varying densities of honey bees (0, 400, 800, 1,600, 3,200, 6,400, or 12,800 bees plus open plot) during the bloom interval. The rate of legitimate flower visits tended to increase as bee density increased within a range of 400-6,400 bees; there were more legitimate visits in cages with 6,400 bees than in those with < or = 1,600 bees. Similarly, within a range of 400-6,400 bees there was a trend for a corresponding increase in fruit-set with means ranging from 25.0 to 79%. Fruit-set was higher in cages with 6,400 or 3,200 bees than in those with < or = 800 bees. Regression analyses showed that fruit-set increased linearly with the rate of legitimate bee visits. Mean weight of berries was unaffected by bee density but varied significantly between years. Within a range of 0-3,200 bees/cage the average seeds per berry tended to increase with increasing bee density; there were more seeds in open plots than in cages with 12,800 honey bees or < or = 1,600 bees. Sucrose content ranged from 12.1 to 16.7% and fruits tended to have more sugar in cages with lower bee densities. Speed of ripening tended to be higher in cages with higher bee densities. Earlier work has shown that the effectiveness of Apis mellifera L. as a pollinator of rabbiteye blueberry is variety-dependent. Our data indicate that the effectiveness of A. mellifera is also bee density-dependent.
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PMID:Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination of rabbiteye blueberry Vaccinium ashei var. 'Climax' is pollinator density-dependent. 1450 93

The influence of indoor microclimate on survival of female Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto Giles (Diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes fed on different nutrition sources was evaluated in a semifield experimental hut exposed to ambient climate in western Kenya. Cages of mosquitoes (n approximately 50 per cage) were placed in nine positions within the hut combining three different sides and three different heights. At each height and side, mosquitoes were offered either human blood (once every 2 d), glucose (6% wt:vol) or a combination of the two diets over three experiments so that each cage position received one diet source. The effect of diet on survival was significant with mean survival times of 14 d for mosquitoes fed blood alone, 29 d for sugar alone and 33 d for blood plus sugar. Sugar availability decreased the odds of mortality approximately 85% compared with the blood group. Micro heterogeneities of temperature but not relative humidity also influenced survival although to a much lesser extent. The side but not height within the hut at which mosquitoes were placed, influenced survival but could not be explained by either temperature or relative humidity differences. The potential influence of seemingly minor heterogeneities of indoor microclimate upon vector longevity and vectorial capacity may merit further investigation. Also, the availability of sugar was shown to be a potentially crucial determinant of vectorial capacity. Compared with blood alone, the availability of sugar served to increase survival potential of vectors beyond ages at which they are old enough to transmit malaria.
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PMID:Influence of sugar availability and indoor microclimate on survival of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) under semifield conditions in western Kenya. 1459 79

Progesterone in hormonal preparations increases the incidence of breast cancer. Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, is associated with metastasis in a wide variety of cancers. We demonstrate herein that TF mRNA and protein are up-regulated by progesterone in the breast cancer cell line ZR-75. Epidermal growth factor, also associated with increased breast cancer risk, did not regulate TF. The increase in TF is both rapid and transient; increasing after 6 h, reaching a maximum at 24 h, before decreasing to basal levels at 72 h. Sucrose gradient experiments demonstrated that TF is located in the heavy fraction of the plasma membrane, although caveolin-1 is not expressed in ZR-75. To understand the physiological implications of an increase in TF, we performed coagulation and invasion assays. An increase in TF corresponded to an increase in procoagulant activity. Furthermore, progesterone increased the invasion of ZR-75 cells through a matrigel, an effect that was blocked by an antibody against TF. Because TF expression is associated with an enhanced risk of metastasis, we postulate that the progesterone-dependent up-regulation of TF provides a survival advantage to burgeoning breast cancer cells and may contribute to the increased risk of cancer associated with combined hormone replacement therapy.
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PMID:Progesterone increases tissue factor gene expression, procoagulant activity, and invasion in the breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1. 1556 24

Relatively little is known about the nutritional ecology of fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis. In this study, nutrient amounts in male and female western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and availability of nitrogen and sugar on surfaces of leaves, fruit, and extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of sweet cherry trees, were determined from late May to late June 2005 and of sugar from EFNs from mid-May to late June 2007 in Washington state. Protein amounts in male and female flies did not differ over the season. Nitrogen was present on leaves, fruit, and EFNs during the sampling period, but amounts on leaves and fruit were lower in late May than the rest of the season. Sugar amounts in flies did not differ over the season. Sugar was present on leaf, fruit, and EFN surfaces all season, but amounts on all three were lower in late May than later in the season. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars on all plant surfaces, but sucrose was also present in nectar from EFNs. In outdoor and field cage experiments in 2004 and 2006, more flies survived when cherry branches with leaves and fruit were present than absent. Results suggest that R. indifferens maintains stable protein and sugar levels throughout the season because sufficient amounts of nutrients are found in cherry trees during this time and that increases in nutrient availability caused by ripening and damaged cherries later in the season do not result in increased amounts of nutrients in flies.
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PMID:Seasonal amounts of nutrients in Western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their relation to nutrient availability on cherry plant surfaces. 1903 86

Our research tests the hypothesis that the inability to sugar-feed reduces the insemination rate in mosquito populations. To test this, we measured the effects of sugar availability on cumulative insemination performance of male Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) during 10-d periods of continual emergence of equal numbers of both sexes, and we evaluated the implications at the population level with a matrix population model. On each day of each of four replicates, 20 newly emerged mosquitoes of each sex were recruited into the populations within two mesocosms, large walk-in enclosures with simulated natural conditions. Each mesocosm contained a cage to replicate the experiment on a small scale. Scented sucrose was absent or present (control). A human host was available nightly as a bloodmeal source in both mesocosms. Sugar availability and enclosure size significantly influenced female insemination. In the mesocosms, with sugar 49.7% of the females were inseminated, compared with 10.9% of the females without sugar. In the small cages, the insemination rates were 76.0 and 23.5%, respectively. In the mesocosms, cumulative survival of females after 10 d was 51.6% with sugar and 25.6% without sugar. In the cages, female survival was 95 and 73%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the population projection matrix shows that both reduced male survival and reduced mating capability due to a lack of sugar contributed to lower insemination rates in females, and in the absence of sugar the insemination rate was lowered to an extent that led to population decline.
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PMID:Sugar deprivation reduces insemination of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), despite daily recruitment of adults, and predicts decline in model populations. 1996 Jun 77

Sugar feeding by male mosquitoes is critical for their success in mating competition. However, the facets of sugar source finding under natural conditions remain unknown. Here, evidence obtained in Western Burkina Faso indicated that the distribution of An. gambiae s.s. (M and S molecular forms) males across different peri-domestic habitats is dependent on the availability of potential sugar sources from which they obtain more favorable sites for feeding or resting. Among field-collected anophelines, a higher proportion of specimens containing fructose were found on flowering Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Dolonix regia (Fabaceae), Thevetia neriifolia (Apocynaceae), Senna siamea, and Cassia sieberiana (both Fabaceae) compared to that recorded on other nearby plants, suggesting that some plants are favored for use as a sugar source over others. Y-tube olfactometer assays with newly-emerged An. gambiae s.s. exposed to odors from individual plants and some combinations thereof showed that males use odor cues to guide their preference. The number of sugar-positive males was variable in a no-choice cage assay, consistent with the olfactory response patterns towards corresponding odor stimuli. These experiments provide the first evidence both in field and laboratory conditions for previously unstudied interactions between males of An. gambiae and natural sugar sources.
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PMID:Patterns of sugar feeding and host plant preferences in adult males of An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). 2117 31


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