Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mice removed last from their home cage display elevated body temperature compared with those removed first. This stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) response has been reported for Swiss and NMRI mice and has been forwarded as a model of anticipatory anxiety. In the present study, the effects of order of removal from the home cage (cohort removal) on body temperature and behaviour in the elevated plus maze have been examined in group-housed male DBA/2 mice. Results confirm the basic phenomenon of SIH in this strain, with mice removed from the home cage in positions 4-10 displaying a significantly higher mean rectal temperature compared with those removed in positions 1-3. Despite this observation, however, detailed ethological analysis failed to reveal any significant effect of cohort removal on behaviour displayed in the elevated plus-maze paradigm. Data are discussed in relation to variations in the nature of reactions evoked in different animal models of anxiety.
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PMID:"Cohort removal" induces hyperthermia but fails to influence plus-maze behaviour in male mice. 814 Jan 67

Alcohol consumption by three inbred mice strains in a limited access condition was examined. Access to "Richter" tubes containing alcohol solution was restricted to 60 min per day in a drinking cage. Alcohol solution was given in escalating concentrations starting at 3% and ending at 12% w/v over several days. During the 12% phase, C57 mice consumed an average of 1.68 g/kg, while BALB and DBA mice consumed an average of 0.66 and 0.25 g/kg, respectively. The C57BL/6 mice achieved an average blood alcohol level (BAL) of 60 mg%, whereas the other two strains displayed negligible levels. The relationship between alcohol intake in a continuous and limited access as well as the utility of the limited access paradigm are discussed.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption by C57BL/6, BALB/c, and DBA/2 mice in a limited access paradigm. 814 31

We recently conducted an experiment to investigate the possible cooperation between genetic makeup and differential housing on cocaine self-administration in male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Cocaine self-selection was measured in a two-choice test with one choice being cocaine-HCl solution of 40 mg% in tap water and the other choice being plain tap water. Housing conditions began at weaning (21-23 days of age) and consisted of group housed (GH) with 2-3 mice per cage, and isolated housed (IH) with 1 mouse per cage. The results of this study revealed overall strain, sex and housing differences, with C57BL/6Js consuming more cocaine solution than DBA/2J subjects, females consuming more cocaine solution than males, and group housed consuming more than isolate housed subjects. In a second study, the effect of differential housing on open-field locomotor activity was investigated. Testing was conducted on two consecutive days, with subjects receiving an IP injection of saline on day 1, and 15 mg/kg cocaine HCl on day 2. Four behaviors were recorded, including: total distance, nosepokes, stereotypy, and margin time. Overall, the results revealed significant strain differences for stereotypy and nosepokes, and males were found to be more activated by cocaine than females. Additionally, DBA males tended to be differentially affected by housing condition, with IH showing suppressed locomotor activity as compared to GH subjects. Last, significant strain by housing interactions occurred in nosepokes and stereotypy time.
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PMID:Strain and housing affect cocaine self-selection and open-field locomotor activity in mice. 841 29

Anxiety has been implicated in the acute nonopioid analgesic reaction seen in defeated mice. In the present study, behavioural responses to the elevated plus-maze test were examined in male DBA/2 mice immediately following defeat by an experienced aggressive conspecific. Compared to home-cage controls, defeat reduced total arm entries and rearing, although anxiety enhancement was indicated by decreases in percent open-arm entries and percent time spent on the open arms. These effects were accompanied by significant increases in nonexploratory behaviour (movement arrest and grooming) and risk assessment (closed arm returns, protected head dipping, and stretch-attend postures). This anxiogenic effect of social defeat was partially replicated in mice merely exposed to the scent of an aggressive male conspecific. The specificity of present findings to socially relevant stressors was confirmed by the general lack of effect on plus-maze behaviour of prior exposure to a novel cage or to interaction with a nonaggressive male. Present results are not only consistent with the anxiety hypothesis of defeat analgesia but also show that the elevated plus-maze test is sensitive to alterations in anxiety produced by ecologically relevant stimuli. Possible implications for pharmacological studies are discussed.
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PMID:Anxiety enhancement in the murine elevated plus maze by immediate prior exposure to social stressors. 844 2

Individual differences in most behavioral and pharmacological responses to abused drugs are dependent on both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic influences on the complex phenotypes related to drug abuse have been difficult to study using classical genetic analyses. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a method that has been used successfully to examine genetic contributions to some of these traits by correlating allelic variation in polymorphic genetic markers of known chromosomal location with variation in drug-response phenotypes. We evaluated several behavioral responses to multiple doses of methamphetamine (METH) in C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and 25 of their recombinant inbred (BXD RI) strains. Stereotyped chewing, horizontal home cage activity, and changes in body temperature after 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg METH, as well as stereotyped climbing behavior after 16 mg/kg METH, were examined. Associations (p < 0.01) between METH sensitivity and allelic status at multiple microsatellite genetic markers were subsequently determined for each response. QTLs were provisionally identified for each phenotype, some unique to a particular behavior and others that appeared to influence multiple phenotypes. Candidate genes suggested by these analyses included several that mapped near genes relevant for the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and glutamate. The locations of QTLs provisionally identified by this analysis were compared with QTLs hypothesized in other studies to influence methamphetamine- and cocaine-related phenotypes. In several instances, QTLs appeared to overlap, which is consistent with idea that common neural substrates underlie some responses to psychostimulants.
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PMID:Quantitative trait loci affecting methamphetamine responses in BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. 898 96

On day 2 after delivery, dams of the DBA/1 mouse inbred strain (n = 20/group) with their litter were allocated to one of the following groups: NH21, nonhandling, housed 1 litter/cage, weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21;H21, handling, housed 1 litter/cage, weaned on PND 21; NH30, nonhandling, group-housed (5 litters/cage), weaned on PND 30; H30, handling, group-housed (5 litters/cage), weaned on PND 30. Two male pups of each litter were color marked on PND 2. From PND 8-21 they were removed from their cage, gently held in the experimenter's hand for 5 min/day. The two marked males of each litter were housed together after weaning, and tested in the open-field on PNDs 51-53, and one of each of these siblings was tested for hot-plate latencies on PND 54. Being raised in group-housing and weaned on PND 30 resulted in offspring exhibiting shorter latencies to initiate behavior and higher percentages of centerfield entries in the open field, hot-plate latencies, however, remained unaffected. Preweaning handling increased hot-plate latencies and the number of grooming episodes in the open field, and it decreased defecation, percent centerfield entries and open-field activity in general. It is concluded that the two forms of early experience have different effects on neurobehavioral endpoints 8 weeks after birth.
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PMID:Differential effects of communal rearing and preweaning handling on open-field behavior and hot-plate latencies in mice. 903 Mar 99

The success of cancer gene therapy is likely to require the targeting of multiple antitumor mechanisms. One strategy involves the use of attenuated, replication-competent virus vectors, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant G207, which is able to replicate in human tumor cells with resultant cell death and tumor growth inhibition, yet is nonpathogenic in normal tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of established tumors with G207 also induces a highly specific systemic anti-tumor immune response. In a syngeneic, bilateral established subcutaneous tumor model, with mouse CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells in BALB/c mice or M3 melanoma cells in DBA/2 mice, unilateral intratumoral inoculation with G207 caused a significant reduction in the growth of both the inoculated and contralateral noninoculated tumors. This elicited anti-tumor response is dependent on viral infection of the tumor, as intradermal inoculation of G207 in BALB/c mice had no effect on CT26 tumor growth. Treatment of subcutaneous CT26 tumors by intratumoral inoculation of G207 induced a tumor-specific T cell response. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was generated that recognized a dominant "tumor-specific" major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted epitope (AH1) from CT26 cells. In immune-competent animals, G207 is acting as an in situ tumor vaccine. Therefore, intratumoral G207 inoculation is able to inhibit tumor growth both by local cytotoxic viral replication in tumor cells and induction of a systemic anti-tumor immune response.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus as an in situ cancer vaccine for the induction of specific anti-tumor immunity. 1004 91

Two different materials-aspen wood-wool and paper towel-were compared as nesting material for three inbred mouse strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6J and DBA/2) housed in barrier conditions. In addition, the effect of varying the number of females per cage (one to three per cage) of these three strains and with NIH/S outbred mouse stock was studied. The number of litters, litter size and neonatal mortality were determined, as well as age, sex and weight of weanlings. The type of nesting material did not affect the characteristics monitored. In all strains, the number of weanlings per female was greatest in singly-housed females. In terms of the number of weanlings per cage, two females per cage gave the best result. In DBA/2 mice, neonatal mortality increased when several females were caged together.
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PMID:Nesting material and number of females per cage: effects on mouse productivity in BALB/c, C57BL/6J, DBA/2 and NIH/S mice. 1078 Aug 14

The performance of C57BL/6J (6J), C57BL/6N (6N), DBA/2J (2J) and DBA/2N (2N) mice in context- and tone-dependent fear conditioning was determined 24 h after fear conditioning to evaluate and compare different behavioral measures as indices of emotional learning. Freezing, the change in activity and the size of the explored area were evaluated as behavioral parameters indicating fear. Additionally, the heart rate (HR) increase elicited by tone presentation was evaluated as an autonomic indicator of fear. During the context-dependent memory test, freezing was high only in 6J and 6N mice, whereas a drop of activity and a reduced exploratory area was measured in all strains. During the tone-dependent memory test, high freezing, low activity, reduced exploratory area and a strong HR increase were demonstrated only in 6N and 6J mice, whereas behavioral and HR changes of 2J and 2N mice were always low. In extinction tests, context- and tone-dependent freezing of 6J mice decayed significantly faster than the freezing of 6N mice, whereas in both substrains the conditioned tachycardia to tone extinguished similarly in the home cage. The data demonstrate that monitoring of additional behavioral measures besides freezing and autonomic measures is necessary to interpret differences in associative learning performance of mouse strains that could be related to a differential expression of fear.
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PMID:Strain and substrain differences in context- and tone-dependent fear conditioning of inbred mice. 1112 27

Repeated daily pairings of 1mg/kg of amphetamine and test environment induced a large, significant increase of locomotion in mice of the C57BL/6 strain, while a slight, non-significant increase was observed in mice of the DBA/2 strain. Neither C57BL/6 nor DBA/2 mice showed behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in the test cages when the drug was repeatedly administered in their home cage. Moreover, C57BL/6 but not DBA/2 mice showed conditioned hyperactivity. Subsequently six daily pairings of saline and test cage produced a slight, non-significant reduction of the hyperactive response shown by C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by a further increase in the behavioural effect of amphetamine. Finally, a similar, significant context-independent sensitization (unpaired vs control) was observed in mice of the two strains subjected to pairings of saline with the test cage; while context-dependent sensitization (paired vs unpaired) was observed only in C57BL/6 mice. Naive DBA/2 were less susceptible than C57BL/6 mice to the behavioural effect of high doses of amphetamine. However, effects of the low dose of amphetamine used in this experiment did not show strain differences in naive mice. These results show that C57BL/6 are more susceptible than DBA/2 mice to context-dependent behavioural sensitization to amphetamine. Moreover, they suggest that neither conditioned hyperactivity nor context-independent sensitization account for strain differences in environment-specific behavioural sensitization.
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PMID:Strain-dependent behavioural sensitization to amphetamine: role of environmental influences. 1122 5


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