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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of rearing condition and prenatal exposure to cocaine on maternal behaviors was examined. Sprague-Dawley dams were given SC injections of 40 mg/kg/3cc cocaine HCl (C40) or saline (LC) daily from gestational days 8-20. Maternal behavior was assessed in treated dams rearing their biological pups (LC/LC; C40/C40), treated dams rearing untreated pups (LC/FOS; C40/FOS), and foster dams rearing treated pups (FOS/LC; FOS/C40). All dams were monitored for home cage behavior (time eating, drinking, and with pups) for 2 h during both the light and dark cycle on postnatal day 4 (P4), pup retrieval on P5-P9, and maternal aggression to a female intruder (latency to the first attack, number of attacks, boxing, pins, intruder time spent submissive and motionless) on P10. No differences were observed in nest behavior or in tests of pup retrieval among the six groups. Dams rearing their biological litter (LC/LC and C40/C40) were significantly quicker to initiate the first attack when compared to all other groups. This increased aggression was maintained throughout the test session in the C40/C40 dams who made significantly more intruder attacks than all other groups, with the intruder spending significantly more time in a submissive posture (lying on back). In contrast, LC/LC dams did not exhibit an increased number of attacks during the test, apparently responding to an increased freezing in their intruders with a reduction in aggressive behavior. Taken together these findings suggest that prior cocaine exposure results in alterations in maternal aggression that is evident when these dams rear their own pups.
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PMID:A fostering study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: I. Maternal behaviors. 148 36

Beak trimming pullets at an early age is a widespread industry practice. There is some concern that this practice may have effects on the subsequent performance of the birds in the production phase. Effects of beak treatment (trimmed or untrimmed) and rearing floor type (litter or wire) on performance of caged layers were evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pullets that were trimmed or untrimmed at 10 days of age and reared on either litter or wire floors were placed in a cage house. Production factors and stress measurements were recorded to determine detrimental effects of the early trimming and rearing floor types. No interactions (P = .15) between rearing floor type and beak treatment were observed for BW, feed consumption, egg production, heart weight, spleen weight, or blood corticosterone. However, an interaction (P = .02) between rearing floor type and beak treatment was observed for adrenal weight. There were no differences (P = .08) in the final BW of the pullets. Birds reared on litter ate considerably (P = .0002) more than those reared on wire. There were no differences (P = .27) in egg production rate. Adrenal weights were different (P = .007), with the litter-raised birds having much smaller adrenals at the end of the 36-wk trial. Hearts of the beak-trimmed birds were smaller (P = .02) than those of the untrimmed birds. There were no differences in spleen weights (P = .07) or blood corticosterone levels (P = .07). Differences in the feather cover were observed.
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PMID:Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on stress and performance of caged layers. 153 24

Sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant widely prescribed because of its broad spectrum of activity. While acute toxicity from high doses is well recognized, there have been few animal studies of its chronic toxicity at therapeutic dose levels. Sodium valproate given continuously in drinking fluid (600 mg/l) throughout pregnancy and lactation to breeding gerbils caused developmental delay of the self-righting reflex in their pups. Dams ingested 97 mg/kg daily during gestation and 151 mg/kg on average during lactation, a dose in the lower range of anticonvulsant effectiveness. Reproductive performance, birth weights and subsequent growth of the pups remained normal, as did brain weights in adulthood. Drug-treated offspring, continuing to receive valproate as drinking fluid after weaning (600 mg/l; 82 to 111 mg/kg) showed negligible behavioural alteration at 6 weeks of age as assessed by ethological procedures, although behavioural change did occur at 20 weeks in the female animals. These females were characterised by significant enhancement of exploration and scanning during dyadic encounters in an unfamiliar cage, and showed a concomitant reduction of other nonsocial activities. Short-term administration of this dose of the drug did not affect behaviour. These results suggest an increased reactivity to the environment which becomes evident only after long-term treatment with valproate and to which female animals are more susceptible than males. These findings of developmental delay and of modifications to behaviour later in life points to the need for more detailed clinical assessments of the effects of valproate in human patients.
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PMID:Effects of sodium valproate on development and social behaviour in the Mongolian gerbil. 249 50

To evaluate the validity and sensitivity of test procedures for routine assessment of chemically induced changes in motor activity in rats, studies were carried out with a commercially available photocell cage system. Testing of single, untreated rats showed that motor activity decreased within 10 min to a steady level. Overall activity was the same when testing was repeated at weekly intervals for 6 weeks. In groups of each 10 rats tested immediately after i.p. injection, chlorpromazine HCl (6 or 2 mg/kg) and physostigmine salicylate (0.5 mg/kg) decreased activity. d-Amphetamine sulfate (1.0 mg/kg) caused an increase of virtually all parameters, whereas scopolamine HCl (1.0 mg/kg) and physostigmine salicylate (0.02 mg/kg) led to an increase of particular aspects of motor activity only. Data generated with a mechanical calibrator varied 1-5% between the cages tested. It is concluded that the above procedures of recording of selected parameters of motor activity in groups of 10 rats for periods of up to 20 min would comply with the guidelines recommended by EPA TOSCA.
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PMID:Validation of a photobeam system for assessment of motor activity in rats. 281 95

Morphometric data on left ventricular papillary muscle structures have been determined in tumor-induced malnutrition and related to the maximum activities of key enzymes for energy production in the whole myocardium. Adult, nongrowing mice with a syngeneic sarcoma were used to represent a condition of cancer associated host tissue wasting. Hearts from mice 11 days after tumor implantation showed atrophy and a significantly reduced amount of myofibrillar, soluble, and collagen proteins than hearts from control animals. The cross-sectional area of myocardial cells was 33% smaller in tumor-bearing mice (p less than 0.025), but the total number of capillaries and the residual interstitial volume were similar in the two groups. The total number of subcellular structures per cell, such as mitochondria, myofibrils, and myosin filaments per myofiber, were significantly lower in the tumor-bearing animals (p less than 0.025). Conversely, the proportion of myofibrils was higher (p less than 0.05) in tumor-bearing animals while the proportion of mitochondria was lower. Maximum activities (Vmax) of selected regulatory key enzymes for energy production (glycogenolytic, glycolytic, and mitochondrial) were not significantly altered in hearts from tumor-bearing mice. The results support the conclusion that myocardial functional capacity is better preserved than overall structural components would imply in tumor-host associated malnutrition, which is probably secondary to deprived food intake. Teleologically, this may be a means by which functional deterioration of the heart is minimized during the induction of malnutrition.
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PMID:Ultrastructural changes and enzyme activities for energy production in hearts concomitant with tumor-associated malnutrition. 382 Oct 91

Potassium iodide (KI) was fed to male and female rats before and during breeding, to females only during gestation and lactation, and to their offspring after weaning (day 21 after birth) through to day 90, at levels of 0, 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1% (w/w) of the diet. Dams in a fifth group (positive controls) were given 4 mg/kg ip of the anti-mitotic/cytotoxic drug 5-azacytidine on day 17 of gestation. All offspring were reared by their natural dams and were evaluated blind with respect to treatment in a battery of standardized behavioural tests between 3 and 90 days of age. KI produced no significant reductions in parental body weight or food consumption, though it significantly reduced litter size and increased offspring mortality at the highest dose, and decreased weight gain at the two highest doses throughout the first 90 days after birth. Functionally, KI delayed auditory startle at the two highest doses, delayed olfactory orientation to the home-cage scent at the middle dose and decreased female running-wheel activity at all dose levels. In rats killed on day 90 after birth KI reduced brain and body weight at a dose of 0.1% of the diet, and reduced body but not brain weight at a dose of 0.05% of the diet. No significant effect was found on absolute or relative thyroid weight at 90 days of age. Several additional behavioural effects were observed in the low-dose KI group, but because these effects were not dose-dependent, they were not regarded as reliable. 5-Azacytidine produced evidence of substantially greater developmental toxicity than KI. It was concluded that KI produced evidence of developmental toxicity consistent with a picture of impaired thyroid function. The inclusion of tests of functional development added useful evidence to the overall picture of KI developmental toxicity.
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PMID:Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of potassium iodide in rats: a case for the inclusion of behaviour in toxicological assessment. 621 Feb 34

The experimental conditions allowing to elicit by administration of dopamine agonists a climbing behavior in rats, apparently analogous to the stereotyped cage climbing behavior previously described in mice (Protais et al. 1976), have been established. Among the various strains of rats studied i.e. Sprague-Dawley, Long Evans and Wistar, the latters were selected as the most responsive to the dopamine agonist apomorphine. However, even in the Wistar strain, only about 60% of animals responded to a test-dose of 0.4 mg/kg apomorphine by adopting in a sustained manner the typical upright position against the walls of a suitable experimental cage. Hence responsive rats were preselected 4 days before the experimental sessions and finally rated during a 60-min observation period. Increasing the test-dose of apomorphine led to a biphasic effect, the spontaneous climbing behavior being decreased at low dosage and, then, both the percentage of climbing animals and the duration of the behavior were progressively increased at higher dosages. A scoring system based on an all-or-none evaluation of the frequency of stereotyped climbing episodes over the 1 h observation period was finally adopted allowing to establish dose response curves to apomorphine and its more potent derivative N-propylnorapomorphine. Dexamphetamine (associated to L-Dopa) also produced the stereotyped climbing behavior. The latter was completely abolished in animals treated with the "atypical" antipsychotic sulpiride. The effects of lesioning various cerebral dopaminergic areas on the apomorphine-induced behavior were investigated. The response was not significantly altered following bilateral thermocoagulations of the striatum (restricted lesions), globus pallidus, nucleus interstitialis of the striae terminalis, amygdala, nucleus lateralis septi or nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Rat climbing behavior elicited by stimulation of cerebral dopamine receptors. 642 3

Injecting the local lidocaine into the mystacial pads of primiparous rats rendered the snout insensitive to touch and abolished the dams' ability to retrieve. Injecting the drug into the masseter muscles or intraperitoneally did not render the snout anaptic or abolish retrieval, results indicating that the effect of intramystacial lidocaine treatment could not be attributed to systemic toxicity or to the drug's spreading from the mystacial pads to affect the nearby masseter muscles. Cutting the intraorbital nerves produced a temporary retrieval impairment that was indistinguishable from that produced by intramystacial lidocaine injection. Surgical deafferentation did not affect the latency of dams to approach pups that had been displaced from the nest site, which indicates that the retrieval deficit was not due to postoperative debilitation. In addition, infraorbital section did not interfere with the ability to locate and consume a piece of cheese that had been buried in the home cage, which indicates that the operation did not produce anosmia or interfere with the muscles used to grasp pups. Cutting the facial nerves abolished vibrissal movement but did not disrupt retrieval, results indicating that the effect of infraorbital lesions could not be attributed to the loss of vibrissal cues or to nonspecific effects of nerve section. The possibility was tested that infraorbital deafferentation has a profound effect on retrieval because anaptic dams, in their initial attempts at picking up pups, elicit distress vocalizations from their offspring. Dams injected with lidocaine in the mystacial pads failed to retrieve pups that had been anesthetized with a barbiturate to abolish their distress vocalizations. Thus pup-produced vocalizations are not responsible for the retrieval impairment exhibited by anaptic mothers. It is concluded that perioral tactile sensation plays an important role in the ability of lactating rats to retrieve.
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PMID:Role of the infraorbital nerve in retrieving behavior in lactating rats. 684 88

Emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) by rat pups (Rattus norvegicus) during hypothermia have consequences for recovery and warming. We investigated the effects on dam behavior of USVs emitted by 3- to 11-day-old pups during hypothermia at rectal temperatures between 18 and 22 degrees C. Rat dams were tested in a Y maze with the home cage as a start box. Dams were given, in one condition, a choice between a hypothermic pup emitting USVs or a hypothermic, silent (anesthetized) pup and, in the other, a choice between 2 hypothermic, silent pups. Although differing in some acoustic properties from normal isolation calls, USVs emitted by hypothermic pups both elicited maternal search behavior and acted as directional cues for dams, in comparisons with control dams exposed only to silent pups. Thus USVs of pups recovering from extreme hypothermia have communicative as well as physiological significance.
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PMID:Hypothermic vocalizations of rat pups (Rattus norvegicus) elicit and direct maternal search behavior. 792 60

Mother-infant interaction was observed in Long-Evans and Fischer 344 rats after fostering within or across strains. Interactions immediately following introduction of foster pups to the cage as well as undisturbed interactions with resident litters were examined. Some differences were related to alien status, some to strain of pups, and others to strain of dams. Greater responsiveness to pups of the maternal strain was exhibited in retrieval and body licking. Long-Evans pups received more crouching from dams of both strains 3-12 days postpartum, perhaps because they are significantly larger. Regardless of pup strain, Long-Evans dams engaged in more maternal licking than did F344 dams, and this was more likely directed to the anogenital region. Dams of both strains were more likely to lick male than female pups, regardless of pup strain. The strain difference in maternal licking is consistent with adult strain differences in water and salt appetite and may contribute developmentally to the superior copulatory performance of Long-Evans males.
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PMID:Mother-infant interactions in two strains of rats: implications for dissociating mechanism and function of a maternal pattern. 914 6


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