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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the purpose of studying the role of dopamine (DA) in the causation of vocalization and other behavior in domestic chicks, 5-day-old birds were injected with 1 mg/kg doses of apomorphine hydrochloride, and their behavior was recorded by methods of direct observation. The effects of the drug on birds with bilateral lesions of the intercollicular nucleus (a vocal area) and on birds pretreated with the DA antagonists pimozide and haloperidol were also examined. In intact chicks, apomorphine induced trills, facilitated twitters, and inhibited warbles. Pecking at conspicuous objects in the cage and locomotion were increased, whereas the duration of eye closure was reduced. In chicks with lesions there was no facilitation of trills, twitters, or pecking, whereas the other drug-induced behavioral effects were as in intact chicks. Dopamine antagonists blocked the trills and twitters facilitated by apomorphine but did not protect against the inhibition of warbles. It is concluded that trills, twitters, and pecking are produced by activation of dopaminergic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that some of the behavior induced by apomorphine, especially vocalization and pecking, are a consequence of altered states of attention induced by the drug.
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PMID:Chick vocalization and emotional behavior influenced by apomorphine. 68 62

Ejaculation-induced reward in the male rat was evaluated by the conditioned place-preference paradigm. It was supposed that ejaculation induces a reward state such that it can be conditioned to environmental stimuli. Males were allowed to ejaculate once and were then immediately transferred to a place-preference cage. One ejaculation produced place preference. Naloxone (16 mg/kg) not only blocked this place preference but also induced a place aversion. Naloxone by itself had no effect on place preference. It is suggested that release of endogenous opioids renders ejaculation rewarding. Pimozide, in a dose of 1 mg/kg, had no effect on ejaculation-induced reward. Dopamine thus seems to be of slight importance for that effect of copulation. Perhaps compulsive sexual activity obeys the same mechanisms as compulsive drug use in opiate addicts.
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PMID:Reinforcing properties of ejaculation in the male rat: role of opioids and dopamine. 215 20

1. In adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica neither norepinephrine (NE) nor serotonin (5HT) in various brain regions were affected by caging density (174 cm2-8/cage; 348 cm2-4/cage; 696 cm2-2/cage). Dopamine (DA) in diencephalon was elevated in high density cages. 2. Peck order rank was assigned on the basis of feather distribution on head, neck and back and lesions on head and back. 3. Upper strata peck order rank was associated with significantly lower levels of brain regional NE and DA compared to lower strata peck order rank. 4. Peck order rank did not affect brain regional 5HT. 5. The results indicate significant individual behavioral-neuroendocrine interaction leading to reproductive dysfunction.
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PMID:Effect of cage density and rank in peck order on brain regional monoamines in adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 288 68

Olfactory investigation was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with 50 mg/kg of the noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP4, 10 days before testing. In a two-choice preference test, the odor of pine shavings from the nest of a female and her litter attracted sexually experienced control males, but not drug-treated males. Further, odors from anesthetized females increased the mean number of entries made by control males, but not drug-treated males, into a cage containing pups' nest shavings. Combining a novel odor with nest shavings significantly reduced the number of entries made by both groups of males. Drug treatment decreased norepinephrine (NE) levels by 66, 62, and 68% in the olfactory cortex, olfactory bulb, and frontal cortex, respectively. Dopamine concentrations were not significantly affected. NE concentrations in the heart, and serotonin levels in the olfactory bulb, were moderately depleted (by 37 and 40%, respectively). The results support the view that central NE modulates systems regulating attraction to conspecific odors in male rats.
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PMID:DSP4, a noradrenergic neurotoxin, impairs male rats' attraction to conspecific odors. 340 Nov 91

Stress consistently has been found to activate peripheral and central catecholamine systems. Dopamine (DA) turnover in the prefrontal cortex is especially sensitive to stress produced by relatively mild footshock, conditioned fear, or exposure to a novel cage. Because lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block the effects of both stress and fear in many experimental paradigms, the present study evaluated whether such lesions would block stress-induced increases in prefrontal dopamine turnover using either mild footshock or novelty as stressors. In Experiment 1 electrolytic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuated the increase in the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in the prefrontal cortex evaluated in post-mortem tissue normally produced by footshock. In Experiment 2 similar lesions attenuated the increase in dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex using a different stressor, novelty, and a different measure of dopamine turnover, DOPAC/DA ratios. These data provide further evidence for the critical role of the amygdala in stress.
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PMID:Stress-induced activation of prefrontal cortex dopamine turnover: blockade by lesions of the amygdala. 789 29

This experiment was undertaken to investigate dopaminergic involvement in food-related instrumental behavior. Rats were tested in an operant chamber in which there was a choice between pressing a lever to receive a preferred food (Bioserve pellets) or feeding upon a less preferred food (lab chow). The lever-pressing schedule was a fixed ratio 5 (FR5). Rats usually pressed the lever at high rates to obtain the preferred food, and typically ate little of the lab chow even though it was freely available in the chamber concurrently with the lever-pressing schedule. The neurotoxic agent 6-hydroxydopamine was injected directly into the nucleus accumbens, medial striatum, or ventrolateral striatum to determine the effects of dopamine depletion on the performance of this task. Depletion of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens led to a dramatic shift in behavior in which there was a significant decrease in lever pressing but a significant increase in consumption of lab chow. The shift away from lever pressing and towards chow consumption in rats with accumbens DA depletions was significantly correlated with a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. Dopamine depletions in the medial striatum did not significantly affect lever pressing or chow consumption. Ventrolateral striatal dopamine depletions decreased lever pressing but also tended to reduce consumption of lab chow. Rats with ventrolateral striatal dopamine depletions also showed profound deficits in home-cage feeding, and these rats had to receive wet mash or tube feeding to maintain body weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Different effects of nucleus accumbens and ventrolateral striatal dopamine depletions on instrumental response selection in the rat. 830 75

The following experiments investigated the behavioral response to local microinfusion of dopamine (DA) and selective DA agonists into the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Rats were implanted with chronic indwelling cannulae aimed at these subregions. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, the response to DA (0, 2, 5, 10 microg/0.5 microl/side), the D-1 agonist SKF-82598 (0, 0.1, 1.0 microg), the D-2/3 agonist quinpirole (0, 1, 5, 15 microg) and the D-3 preferring agonist pramipexole (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 microg) was examined in photocell activity cages. Locomotor (horizontal) and rearing (vertical) activities were measured. DA and SKF-82958 induced relatively greater increases in activity following stimulation of the shell as compared with the core. Quinpirole induced a dose-dependent suppression of activity after infusion into both sites, although the core was more sensitive to the suppressive effect than the shell. Pramipexole induced time-dependent, biphasic effects that were small in magnitude and did not differentiate between site. In experiment 2, an observation procedure was used to record behaviors (locomotion, rearing, feeding, drinking). Dopamine (0, 2, 10 microg) elicited greater increases in rearing and feeding behavior in the shell than in the core. SKF-82958 (0, 0.75 microg) enhanced locomotion and rearing to a similar extent in both subregions in this test, whereas a mixture of a low dose (0.25 microg) of the D-1 and D-2 agonists selectively induced behavioral activation in the shell. In contrast to the results in the activity cage test, quinpirole (0, 1, 5 microg) increased motor activity at the lower dose when infused into the shell but not into the core. No alterations in feeding were observed following infusion of selective agonists, and no changes in drinking were found with any of the treatments. In summary, the shell appears to be relatively more sensitive to the motor activating effects of DA agonists than the core. Moreover, circuits associated with shell may be preferentially involved in feeding.
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PMID:Differential behavioral responses to dopaminergic stimulation of nucleus accumbens subregions in the rat. 940 98

These studies were conducted to examine the differential response to a drug challenge under varied experimental test conditions routinely employed to study drug-induced behavioral and neurophysiological responses in rodents. Apomorphine, a nonselective dopamine agonist, was selected due to its biphasic behavioral effects, its ability to induce hypothermia, and to produce distinct changes to dopamine turnover in the rodent brain. From such experiments there is evidence that characterization and detection of apomorphine-induced activity in rodents critically depends upon the test conditions employed. In rats, detection of apomorphine-induced hyperactivity was facilitated by a period of acclimatization to the test conditions. Moreover, test conditions can impact upon other physiological responses to apomorphine such as drug-induced hypothermia. In mice, apomorphine produced qualitatively different responses under novel conditions when compared to those behaviors elicited in the home test cage. Drug-induced gross activity counts were increased in the novel exploratory box only, while measures of stereotypic behavior were similar in both. By contrast, apomorphine-induced locomotion was more prominent in the novel exploratory box. Dopamine turnover ratios (DOPAC:DA and HVA:DA) were found to be lower in those animals exposed to the exploratory box when compared to their home cage counterparts. However, apomorphine-induced reductions in striatal dopamine turnover were detected in both novel and home cage environments. The implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis upon conducting psychopharmacological challenge tests in rodents.
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PMID:Test conditions influence the response to a drug challenge in rodents. 1068 78

The acute motor response to caffeine was studied in rats repeatedly treated with vehicle or the dopamine D(2) agonist bromocriptine either in a novel cage or in the home cage. Rats receiving bromocriptine (5 mg/kg i.p.) in a novel cage were sensitized to the motor stimulating effects of bromocriptine itself and showed cross-sensitization to the acute administration of low (10 mg/kg s.c. ) but not high (25 mg/kg s.c.) doses of caffeine, no matter if the novel cage was identical or different from the test cage. In contrast, caffeine (10 mg/kg i.p.) administered to rats which had received bromocriptine (5 mg/kg i.p.) in the home cage and which showed no sign of a sensitized response to bromocriptine, failed to show an increased locomotor and stereotyped response as compared to vehicle pretreated rats. Similarly to caffeine, the selective adenosine A(2A) antagonist SCH 58261 (3 mg/kg i.p.) showed an increased motor response in bromocriptine sensitized rats. The sensitized response to caffeine or SCH 58261 did not appear to be due to an higher basal motor activity of bromocriptine sensitized rats since acute administration of vehicle induced a similar motor response in bromocriptine and vehicle pretreated rats. Dopamine D(2) and adenosine A(2A) receptors are colocalized in striatal efferent neurons where they control in an opposite direction motor behavior. The results of the present study showed that changes in the sensitivity of D(2) receptors influenced the sensitivity of the adenosine antagonist caffeine through an action on A(2A) receptors. D(2) and A(2A) receptors, therefore, not only acutely interact in the mediation of motor behavior but long-term modification of the D(2) receptors, such as sensitization, affected the response of adenosine A(2A) receptors.
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PMID:Cross-sensitization between the motor activating effects of bromocriptine and caffeine: role of adenosine A(2A) receptors. 1099 51

We have shown that C57BL/6J and 129/J mice differ in their behavioral response to "binge" pattern cocaine (three daily injections of 15 mg/kg separated by 1 h). To determine if these differences persist during chronic binge cocaine administration, we examined the effects of 14-day binge pattern cocaine on home cage behavior. Since the dopamine D(1) receptor may be an important mediator of cocaine-induced locomotor activity, we examined binding to the dopamine D(1) receptor. Locomotor activity was increased by chronic binge cocaine in C57BL/6J (P<.0001) but not in 129/J mice. C57BL/6J mice developed tolerance to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. Stereotypic responses were greater in C57BL/6J than in 129/J mice (P=.03), with neither tolerance nor sensitization in either strain. Dopamine D(1) receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle did not differ between strains and was not affected by chronic binge cocaine. In the caudate putamen, subregion specific strain differences in dopamine D(1) receptor binding were observed; chronic binge cocaine increased dopamine D(1) receptor binding in the caudal (P<.05), but not rostral caudate putamen. There was no correlation between locomotor activity or stereotypy and dopamine D(1) receptor density. Thus, with chronic binge cocaine administration, behavioral differences persist between the C57BL/6J and 129/J mice, and cocaine-induced locomotor activity is not correlated with changes in dopamine D(1) receptor binding.
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PMID:Locomotion, stereotypy, and dopamine D1 receptors after chronic "binge" cocaine in C57BL/6J and 129/J mice. 1275 20


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