Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1 The occurrence of 11 aggressive and non-aggressive activities was observed in aggressive male mice treated with drugs in paired interactions with non-aggressive males given water. Effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, barbitone, chlorpromazine, imipramine, (+)-amphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) all given orally and of intraperitoneal scopolamine were investigated.2 Scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg), (+)-amphetamine (0.25 and 1 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (10 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (50 mg/kg) reduced aggressive activities (attacks, aggressive unrest) without inhibiting walking across the cage or rearing in the aggressive mice. Thus, the inhibition of aggression induced by these drugs does not seem to be due to neuromuscular impairment and seems to this extent specific. On the other hand, imipramine lessened aggressive activities only at a dose (80 mg/kg) which also decreased walking across the cage and rearing. Barbitone or LSD did not change aggression at either dose tested (20 and 60 or 0.01 and 1 mg/kg, respectively). Aggressive activities were increased significantly only by chlordiazepoxide at a dose of 5 mg/kg.3 (+)-Amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg) increased escapes and alert postures, respectively, in the aggressive mice.4 Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide decreased tail rattling at 1 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, doses 10 times lower than those inhibiting attacks. The other drugs tested inhibited tail rattling only at doses reducing attacks. Tail rattling appears to be a convenient measure for testing effects of drugs on behavioural conflict.5 Diazepam (5 and 10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (20 and 50 mg/kg), barbitone (60 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.25 and 0.75 mg/kg) increased sociable activities (sniffing, following partners and climbing over them) whereas (+)-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, imipramine and LSD did not. Effects of the drugs on sociable activities in aggressive mice seem to correlate with their action on punished responding and other types of suppressed behaviour.
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PMID:Effects of drugs on behaviour of aggressive mice. 57 Aug 66

Mice were housed in a cage with a T-maze for 7-9 h a day. A watering place was equipped at one end of the maze. At the other end of the maze, the right and left arms each have two exits, one of which leads to the home cage where food is placed, and the other of which leads to the watering place via a bypass. The exit leading to the home cage in either the right or left was alternately closed every two hours. One-way swinging doors were inserted at the entrance to each arm and between each bypass and the watering place. The mice housed in this apparatus acquired the alternation task at 5 s delay on the 6th day. As the delay became longer (5-150 s), correct response rate showed gradual decrease. Scopolamine (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) did not decrease correct response rate at 5 s delay, but did at longer delay (30 s and 60 s). These results suggest that this method is useful in estimating working memory of mice.
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PMID:[A simple method using a maze task for estimating working memory in mice]. 141 28

The apparatus consists of a home cage, a maze cage and a starting box. A maze with four right-middle-left decisions was placed in the maze cage. The starting box was attached and a water tap was placed at an area corresponding to the entrance of the maze. The exit of the maze and the home cage are connected with a tunnel. Food was placed in the home cage. 1) Mice were housed for 10 hr a day in the apparatus and then removed to another cage for fasting. One trial a day was carried out after fasting for more than 12 hr. In each trial, a mouse was put at the starting box, and then the number of errors (entering a blind alley) and the time until the mouse reached the home cage were counted. The mouse passed through the maze with a small number of errors and time. 2) Administration of scopolamine (0.125-0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to a mouse that had mastered the maze transiently disturbed the maze performance dose-dependently. 3) Mice were housed for 4 hr a day. Scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either before or after the housing. Scopolamine disturbed the maze performance in the case of both procedures. These results suggest that the method is useful for estimating the memory in mice.
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PMID:[A simple multiple maze test to estimate learning and memory in mice: application to the effect of scopolamine on learning and memory]. 180 13

The static elastic properties of the chest wall have been studied in 20 seated patients in the late stages of traumatic tetraplegia. Chest wall compliance (Cw) was measured using the weighted spirometer technique, and the slope of the relaxation line of the thoracoabdominal system obtained with 2 pairs of linearized magnetometers was used to derive rib cage (Crc) and diaphragm-abdomen (Cab) compliance. The values were compared with those obtained in 61 healthy adults studied with the same procedure. Chest wall compliance and Crc values in the patients were reduced to 72 and 55% of control values (p less than 0.001), respectively, and 9 of 20 patients had Crc values at least 2 SEE below normal. By contrast, Cab values in all patients were increased to 170% of control values (p less than 0.001), and 7 patients had values more than 2 SEE above normal. These alterations were not related to the duration of the disease or to the presence or absence of spastic activity in the parasternal intercostals. Both the decreased rib cage compliance and increased abdominal compliance may contribute to reducing rib cage contribution to tidal volume in tetraplegic subjects. As a corollary, the pattern of rib cage motion in such subjects can only approximately define the isolated action of the diaphragm on the normal human rib cage.
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PMID:The effects of tetraplegia on chest wall statics. 294 66

The effects of adafenoxate (Adf), meclofenoxate (Mf), piracetam (Pc), and citicholine (CCh) on scopolamine (Scop)--impaired memory and exploratory behavior (experiments on rats) and on physical capabilities (experiments on mice) were studied. In the experiments with scopolamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) we used the step-through passive avoidance method to determine the memory changes. In the case of single treatment with the drugs tested scopolamine was injected immediately after training and Adf, Mf, and CCh at doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg and Pc at a dose of 100 mg/kg were administered immediately after scopolamine. In the case of multiple administration the drugs were applied at the same doses for 7 days before training. Scopolamine was injected immediately after training. Retention tests were given 3 and 24 hours later. All the four drugs tested prevented to a large extent or completely the scopolamine-induced retrograde amnesia. However, significant quantitative differences in the antiamnestic effects of the drugs tested were observed. The effects of the four drugs on exploratory behavior were tested in the Opto Varimex apparatus. After 7-day treatment with the drugs at the doses utilized, the behavior of experimental animals was observed for 10 min, checking out the changes in the frequency of rearing, ambulation, and rotation. Only Adf at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly decreased rearing and ambulation frequencies; this effect was considered to be an expression of accelerated habituation. The physical capabilities of mice were studied, using the method of treadmill (revolving drum activity cage) training. Before the experiment the mice received orally Adf, Mf, and Pc at a dose of 100 mg/kg or were injected intraperitoneally with CCh at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg once daily for 7 days. The number of revolutions of the drum cages was counted for 4 hours. Only Pc significantly increased the physical capabilities of mice and much delayed the occurrence of fatigue.
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PMID:Comparative studies on the effects of the nootropic drugs adafenoxate, meclofenoxate and piracetam, and of citicholine on scopolamine-impaired memory, exploratory behavior and physical capabilities (experiments on rats and mice). 313 17

An experimental model, with novel environmental stimuli, has been used in order to study the effects of cholinergic and glutaminergic modulation on hippocampal electrical activity and behavior. The test consisted in the introduction of a rabbit in an experimental cage in the absence of external stimuli (neutral environment) followed by the introduction into the cage of a novel object containing odorous vegetable branches, a stuffed sparrow-hawk and a live cat. The effects of drug treatments on hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) parameters (total amount, episode durations and frequency) were studied. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) increased RSA amount both during immobility and movements and was effective only on the frequency of the immobility related RSA. Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) reduced the percentage of RSA occurring during immobility and movements and the frequency of the movement related RSA. Glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) (400 micrograms), injected into the dorsal hippocampus, had qualitative effects similar to those obtained with scopolamine, but, quantitatively, they were less pronounced. The combination between GDEE and scopolamine potentiated the effects of the two drugs. Results support the assumption that cholinergic septal input is responsible for hippocampal RSA and the glutaminergic entorhinal input to the hippocampus modulates RSA, probably under cholinergic control.
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PMID:Cholinergic and glutaminergic control of hippocampal RSA during behavior in rabbits. 615 9

An operant chamber for mice, consisting of two adjacent compartments of W 130 X L 120 X H 150 mm, with a liquid dispenser which is operated by lever press was prepared. Using the apparatus, the applicability of mice for the study of learning of lever press behavior in a water reinforcement situation was investigated. Animals were deprived of water in the home cage and water was only supplied in the operant chamber by the lever press. A session of 15 min training was performed daily. By continuous reinforcement schedule, animals learned the lever pressing by 3 sessions. With these trained animals which attained more than 150 responses further experiments with a fixed ratio (FR) schedule was made, from FR 1 to FR 20. The best increase in responses was observed when the FR was regularly and gradually stepped up from 1 to 20 by every 5 sessions. Scopolamine, 1 mg/kg ip, significantly suppressed the lever press at FR 1 sessions, and the latency time until the first lever press was also prolonged significantly in these sessions. Thus, the applicability of mice for the study of learning of lever press behavior and the experimental schedules were established.
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PMID:[Acquisition of a lever press behavior by mice in a water reinforcement situation]. 653 36

The resident-intruder paradigm was employed in order to evoke an agonistic behavior in mice. In this situation a resident male mouse has been cohabiting with a female for 5 weeks, and an intruder male mouse is introduced into the resident's home cage. A species-specific pattern of agonistic behavior was observed in all mice. The significance of cholinergic mechanisms in the mediation of the agonistic behavior was evaluated by pharmacological manipulations. Drugs were administered to resident mice. Scopolamine hydrobromide (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed the resident's aggressive episodes (offensive sideways posture, tail rattling and attack biting) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the peripheral anticholinergic drug methylscopolamine nitrate (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg/kg, i.p.) was ineffective. On the other hand, the resident's locomotor activity and rearing response were significantly increased after the administration of scopolamine hydrobromide. The evidence suggests that brain cholinoceptive mechanisms may participate in the regulation of intraspecies aggressive behavior. However, it appears that other nonspecific behavioral effects of scopolamine cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:Pharmaco-ethological analysis of agonistic behavior between resident and intruder mice: effect of anticholinergic drugs. 689 25

A new technique to measure ventilation, based on the separate contributions of rib cage and abdomen to tidal volume, the respiratory inductive plethysmograph was evaluated in 20 healthy children. The accuracy of the method was determined by simultaneously measuring tidal volume with a pneumotachograph in the standing, sitting, supine, left lateral decubitus, and prone postures. Comparison of these two techniques showed mean correlation coefficients greater than 0.96, mean slopes between 0.98 and 1.11, and mean SEE of less than 8% in all postures studied. Breathing through a mouthpiece connected to a pneumotachograph resulted in a substantial change in the pattern of breathing and a mean increase in tidal volume of 32% (P less than 0.05). In the standing and sitting postures, rib cage contribution to tidal volume was predominant (greater than 65%) whereas in the recumbent postures abdominal contribution was predominant (greater than 61%). We conclude that the RIP is an accurate means of measuring ventilation in children and that it avoids the artifacts caused by using a conventional respiratory measuring apparatus.
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PMID:Measurement of ventilation in children using the respiratory inductive plethysmograph. 731 May 82

Male ddY mice were housed in a 4-, 6-, or 8-arm radial maze apparatus for 6 hr a day and then removed to a normal cage for fasting until the next day's trial. A water bottle was placed at the central platform. The end of each arm ran to the home cage through a guillotine door (G). Food was placed in the home cage. During the housing in the apparatus, one G was opened, and the remaining Gs were shut. The opened G was changed in random order during the housing period of 6 hr. At the beginning of the trial, all Gs were shut. The mouse was placed on the platform and was permitted to choose the arms until it chose all arms. When the mouse chose the last arm, the G was opened to allow stepping into the home cage. The mice housed in these apparatus learned to go to the home cage without entering already chosen arms within 4-6 days. Scopolamine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired the maze performance. A 1- to 4-min delay impaired the performance slightly, but did not show any significant effect depending on the delay intervals. These results suggest that the apparatus is a useful and easy method for estimating working memory and the drug effects thereon in mice.
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PMID:[A method employing housing in a radial maze apparatus for estimating working memory in mice: effects of scopolamine and delay upon maze performance]. 825 33


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