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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We present data on weight and reproduction from a colony of tufted capuchins monkeys (Cebus apella) over a 12 year period. The data constitute a normative record for this species. Weight at birth averages 210 g, and infants gain weight rapidly. Females typically first conceived just after their fifth birthday, and males were fertile by 4 years, 5 months. Interbirth intervals average 576 days. Eighty-seven percent of live-born infants survived past 6 months. Three of eight live-born infants that died prior to 6 months succumbed from trauma inflicted by cage mates.
Am J Primatol 1998
PMID:Growth and reproduction in captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). 951 39

No consensus exists about the quantity and variety of environmental enrichment needed to achieve an acceptable level of psychological well-being among singly housed primates. Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures were used to evaluate the effectiveness of four levels of toy and foraging enrichment provided to eight wild-caught, singly housed adult male brown capuchins (Cebus apella). The 16-week-long study comprised six conditions and began with a 4-week-long preexperimental and ended with a 4-week-long postexperimental period during which the subjects were maintained at baseline enrichment levels. During the intervening 8 weeks, the subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of four 2-week-long experimental conditions: control (baseline conditions), toy (the addition of two plastic toys to each cage), box (access to a foraging box with food treats hidden within crushed alfalfa), and box & toy (the addition of two plastic toys and access to a foraging box). Behavioral responses to changes in enrichment were rapid and extensive. Within-subject repeated-measure ANOVAs with planned post hoc contrasts identified highly significant reductions in abnormal and undesirable behaviors (and increases in normal behaviors) as the level of enrichment increased from control to toy to box to box & toy. No significant behavioral differences were found between the control and pre- and postexperimental conditions. Plasma and fecal cortisol measures revealed a different response to changing enrichment levels. Repeated-measure ANOVA models found significant changes in both these measures across the six conditions. The planned post hoc analyses, however, while finding dramatic increases in cortisol titers in both the pre- and postexperimental conditions relative to the control condition, did not distinguish cortisol responses among the four enrichment levels. Linear regressions among weekly group means in behavioral and cortisol measures (n=16) found that plasma cortisol was significantly predicted by the proportions of both normal and abnormal behaviors; as the proportion of normal behaviors increased, the plasma cortisol measures decreased. Plasma cortisol weekly group means were also significantly and positively predicted by fecal cortisol weekly group means, but no behavioral measure significantly predicted fecal cortisol weekly group means. In sum, these findings argue strongly that access to a variety of toy and foraging enrichment positively affects behavioral and physiological responses to stress and enhances psychological well-being in singly housed brown capuchins.
Am J Primatol 1999
PMID:Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness. 1032 70

Platelet-activating factor [1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine; PAF] is a unique signaling phospholipid which has been implicated in a number of biological activities (e.g., reproduction). PAF has been detected in the spermatozoa from a number of laboratory and domestic species, including, but not limited to, rabbit, bovine, and the mouse. The concentration of PAF is inversely related to human (Homo sapien) spermatozoal quality. Additionally, PAF levels are significantly higher in Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) spermatozoa obtained during the breeding season than spermatozoa obtained during the nonbreeding season. There are no reports on the presence of PAF in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) spermatozoa. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to detect the presence of PAF in rhesus spermatozoa. A second objective was to determine if PAF spermatozoa levels differ between animals housed individually (single-caged) versus free-ranging (open corrals). Semen were collected from mature rhesus via electro-ejaculation. Spermatozoa were washed free of ejaculatory plug and quick frozen in PBS. Endogenous lipids were extracted from thawed spermatozoa and ejaculatory plugs then assayed for the presence of PAF by [125I]-radioimmunoassay. PAF was not detected in any ejaculatory plugs. PAF levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in spermatozoa obtained from free-ranging males (mean: 1.16 pmol/10(6) spermatozoa) than males housed individually in single cage units (mean: 0.53 pmol/10(6) spermatozoa). PAF was present in rhesus spermatozoa. Additionally, PAF levels were higher in spermatozoa obtained from corral-housed animals. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the role of PAF in spermatozoa function.
J Med Primatol 1999 Feb
PMID:Presence of platelet-activating factor in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) spermatozoa. 1037 38

Pendular motion during brachiation of captive Lagothrix lagothricha lugens and Ateles fusciceps robustus was analyzed to demonstrate similarities, and differences, between these two closely related large bodied atelines. This is the first captive study of the kinematics of brachiation in Lagothrix. Videorecordings of one adult male of each species were made in a specially designed cage constructed at the DuMond Conservancy/Monkey Jungle, Miami, FL. Java software (Jandel Scientific Inc., San Rafael, CA) was used for frame-by-frame kinematic analysis of individual strides/steps. Results demonstrate that the sequence of hand and tail contacts differ significantly between the two species with Lagothrix using a new tail hold with every hand hold, while Ateles generally utilizes a new tail hold with only every other hand hold. Stride length and stride frequency, even after adjusting for limb length, also differ significantly between the two species. Lagothrix brachiation utilizes short, choppy strides with quick hand holds, while Ateles uses long, fluid strides with longer hand holds. During brachiation not only is Lagothrix's body significantly less horizontal than that of Ateles but also, within Ateles, there are significant differences between steps depending on tail use. Because of the unique nature of tail use in Ateles, many aspects of body positioning in Lagothrix more closely resemble Ateles steps without a simultaneous tail hold rather than those with one. Overall pendulum length in Lagothrix is shorter than in Ateles. Tail use in Ateles has a significant effect on maximum pendulum length during a step. Although neither species achieves the extreme pendulum effect and long period of free-flight of hylobatids in fast ricochetal brachiation, in captivity both consistently demonstrate effective brachiation with brief periods of free-flight and pendular motion. Morphological similarities between ateline brachiators and hylobatids are fewer and less pronounced in Lagothrix than in Ateles. This study demonstrates that Lagothrix brachiation is also less hylobatid-like than that of Ateles.
Am J Primatol 1999
PMID:Pendular motion in the brachiation of captive Lagothrix and Ateles. 1040 35

Captive common marmosets of all ages robustly produce a "separation" phee call during brief separations from their group. In contrast, a second structural variant, which may function as an intergroup call, is produced in the home cage primarily by the reproductive adults. A previous study found that postpubertal but nonreproductive offspring rarely produce phee calls when in the home cage with the natal group, yet these marmosets call frequently after pairing with an opposite-sex partner. The sudden increase in home cage phee calls may indicate the rapid onset of intergroup calling. Alternatively, marmosets may be producing the separation phee variant as a result of separation from the natal group. The present study investigated whether phee calls produced by recently paired individuals in the home cage were structurally distinguishable from their calls recorded in a separation paradigm. We also tested whether sex differences, known to exist in the calls of mature adults, could be found in calls recorded from younger, nonreproductive animals separated from their natal groups. We analyzed 18 acoustic parameters of phee calls produced in the home cage after pairing and of calls produced during separation both from the natal group and from a new mate. Discriminant function analyses found that home cage calls were clearly discriminable from separation calls (average 91.7% correctly classified), indicating that the rapid increase in home cage phee call production shortly after pairing is not a consequence of separation from the family group. Postpubertal marmosets appear to show a rapid behavioral adjustment to separation from their natal groups. Additionally, sex was clearly discriminable in calls recorded both before and after pairing (average 86.8% correctly classified). Like calls recorded from well-established paired marmosets, phee calls produced by recently paired, postpubertal marmosets are discriminable by context and sex.
Am J Primatol 1999 Oct
PMID:Context and sex differences exist in the acoustic structure of phee calls by newly-paired common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 1046 75

Male rhesus monkeys unfamiliar with each other were paired in a cage, and blood samples were collected before and a few hours after pair formation. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels in each blood sample were measured. Dominant-subordinate status was ascertained through two rank tests, the food competition test and the agonistic behavior test, which were performed immediately after pair formation. As a result, the dominance relationship was determined in seven pairs formed from five animals, and the differences in ACTH and cortisol values between the dominant and subordinate animal in these pairs were compared statistically. The day after the first encounter, a second encounter was conducted in randomly selected pairs of monkeys. In the first encounters, higher levels of both ACTH and cortisol were detected in dominant animals in comparison to subordinate animals. Changing the animal's partner altered the stress responses whenever the animal's dominant-subordinate status changed. The elevated levels of ACTH and cortisol in dominant animals disappeared on the day after the first encounter. In dominant animals, the pituitary-adrenocortical stress response reacts sharply to situational demands, whereas subordinate animals have a weaker response. This acute stress response is different from a chronic stress response. When the subordinate animal cannot escape, its hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis appears to be suppressed.
Am J Primatol 2000 Apr
PMID:Pituitary-adrenocortical responses to the first dyadic encounters in male rhesus monkeys: effect of dominance relationship. 1076 49

Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and longtailed macaques (M. fascicularis) show behavioral, ecological, and possible temperament differences, and their responses to the laboratory environment might therefore be quite different. We tested pigtailed macaques under the same conditions that were investigated in a previous study with longtailed macaques, using the same comprehensive set of physiological and behavioral measures of stress. First, eight adult females' adaptation to a new room in regulation-size cages was monitored, and in the third week their responses to ketamine sedation were measured. Then they spent two weeks singly housed in each of four cage sizes (USDA regulation size, one size larger, one size smaller, and a very small cage). Half of the subjects were in upper-level cages and the remainder in lower-level cages for the entire study. Cage size, ranging from 20% to 148% of USDA regulation floor area, was not significantly related to abnormal behavior, self-grooming, manipulating the environment, eating/drinking, activity cycle, cortisol excretion, or biscuit consumption. Locomotion and frequency of behavior change were significantly reduced in the smallest cage, but did not differ in cage sizes ranging from 77% to 148% of regulation size. The only manipulation to produce an unequivocal stress response, as measured by cortisol elevation and appetite suppression, was ketamine sedation. Room change and cage changes were associated with minimal cortisol elevation and appetite suppression. Wild-born females showed more appetite suppression after room change than captive-born females. No differences were related to cage level. Pigtailed macaques strongly resembled longtailed macaques except they showed weaker responses to the new room and cage change, probably because the pigtails had spent more time in captivity. These findings support the conclusion that increasing cage size to the next regulation size category would not have measurable positive effects on the psychological well-being of two species of laboratory macaques.
Am J Primatol 2000 Oct
PMID:Behavior, appetite, and urinary cortisol responses by adult female pigtailed macaques to cage size, cage level, room change, and ketamine sedation. 1105 42

The heritability of birth weight was estimated in 3,562 captive pigtailed macaques using 30 years of breeding and pedigree records. Based on a pedigree of over 12,000 animals, quantitative genetic analyses were performed using statistical variance decomposition methods. The model included additive genetic effects, cytoplasmic genetic effects, birth environment, shared maternal environment, and unmeasured environmental effects. The results demonstrated a strong (h(2) = 0.51) heritable component of birth weight overall, and included significant additive genetic heritability (h(2) = 0.23), and cytoplasmic heritability (h(2) = 0.09). In addition, a significant effect of birth location and cage type was identified, explaining an additional 6% of birth weight variance. The use of a nonhuman primate model for studying the effects of genes on birth weight eliminated many of the problems associated with confounding variables in human studies, and allowed for the quantification of a heritable component of birth weight.
Am J Primatol 2002 Apr
PMID:Genetics and caging type affect birth weight in captive pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). 1194 37

Successful treatment of one Grade IlI and two Grade IV pressure sores on two female Macaca fascicularis, subsequent to a T11 hemilaminectomy and left spinal cord hemisection, was achieved through a combined strategy of wound care, diet, and husbandry. Wound care consisted of early and thorough debridement of all necrotic tissue, initial twice daily cleaning with an iodine scrub and application of a multi-ingredient ointment. Tissue hydrolyzer, a drying agent, vitamin E, ground selenium, and topical antibiotics were applied to the wound during the respective 45- and 46-day courses of treatment. Oral antibiotics were administered; vitamins C and E, and selenium were increased in the diet. No infection occurred and both animals recovered fully to complete the study. Importantly, pressure sores in subsequent study animals were prevented by post-operative padding of the perch with towel-covered foam and placement of a wheelchair cushion on the floor of the cage.
J Med Primatol 2001 Oct
PMID:Multi-tiered treatment of pressure sores in two cynomologous macaques (Macaca fascicularis). 1199 Feb 44

There is little detailed documentation of immature behavior, especially mother-offspring interactions, for nocturnal prosimians, and few studies have examined sex differences in mother-offspring interactions. This study compares the behavior of captive-born Galago senegalensis braccatus, the Senegal galago, from 1 to 20 weeks of age for 3-5 females and 4-6 males. The subjects lived in social groups, on a reversed light cycle. Three 10-min focal samples were taken each week, for each subject, during each of the 6 most active hours of the waking cycle (night). Locally weighted regression scatterplot smoothing analysis was used to test for sex differences in behavior. There were no sex differences in most forms of mother-offspring contact, including nursing, control of proximity with the mother or grooming. Females were more active than males in the rate of solitary acrobatic play and, only after the age of weaning, in locomotion. Altogether, these observations suggest that the sexes might not present more energetic 'costs' to mothers. There were tendencies for female immatures to play with the mother more than male immatures did, and a tendency for the males to investigate the cage more than the females. Male and female immatures groomed non-mother group mates in equivalent amounts. Since males are likely the dispersing sex in galagos, these differences might be reflective of later dispersal patterns. However, comparisons are needed with a female dispersal species (e.g. chimpanzees) to test this hypothesis. Alternative hypotheses concerning the 'cost' and/or 'value' of sons versus daughters need to be explored.
Folia Primatol (Basel)
PMID:Sex differences in the behavior and the social interactions of immature Galago senegalensis braccatus. 1460 74


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