Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Young adult, pathogen-free rats of Sherman and Fischer (F344) substrains were inoculated intranasally with 10(8) colony-forming units (GFU) of M. pulmonis and housed for 4 to 6 weeks in environments with ammonia maintained at specific concentrations from 25 to 250 ppm. All levels of NH3--whether produced naturally from soiled bedding or derived from a purified source--significantly increased the severity of the rhinitis, otitis media, tracheitis, and pneumonia (including bronchiectasis) characteristic of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM). The prevalence of pneumonia, but not that of other respiratory lesions of MRM, showed a strong tendency to increase directly with environmental NH3 concentration. In contrast, NH3 exposure of rats not infected with M. pulmonis caused anatomic lesions that were unlike those of MRM and were limited to the nasal passages. It was concluded that environmental NH3, at concentrations commonly encountered in present day cage environments for rats, plays an important role in pathogenesis of MRM.
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PMID:The role of environmental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats. 97 Apr 35

The tetradecapeptide Ac-D-F-L-A-E-G-G-G-V-R-G-P-R-V-OMe, which mimics residues 7f-20f of the A alpha-chain of human fibrinogen, has been co-crystallized with bovine thrombin from ammonium sulfate solutions in space group P2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 83.0 A, b = 89.4 A, c = 99.3 A, and beta = 106.6 degrees. Three crystallographically independent complexes were located in the asymmetric unit by molecular replacement using the native bovine thrombin structure as a model. The standard crystallographic R-factor is 0.167 at 2.3-A resolution. Excellent electron density could be traced for the decapeptide, beginning with Asp-7f and ending with Arg-16f in the active site of thrombin; the remaining 4 residues, which have been cleaved from the tetradecapeptide at the Arg-16f/Gly-17f bond, are not seen. Residues 7f-11f at the NH2 terminus of the peptide form a single turn of alpha-helix that is connected by Gly-12f, which has a positive phi angle, to an extended chain containing residues 13f-16f. The major specific interactions between the peptide and thrombin are 1) a hydrophobic cage formed by residues Tyr-60A, Trp-60D, Leu-99, Ile-174, Trp-215, Leu-9f, Gly-13f, and Val-15f that surrounds Phe-8f; 2) a hydrogen bond linking Phe-8f NH to Lys-97 O;3) a salt link between Glu-11f and Arg-173; 4) two antiparallel beta-sheet hydrogen bonds between Gly-14f and Gly-216; and 5) the insertion of Arg-16f into the specificity pocket. Binding of the peptide is accompanied by a considerable shift in two of the loops near the active site relative to human D-phenyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethyl ketone (PPACK)-thrombin.
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PMID:The structure of residues 7-16 of the A alpha-chain of human fibrinogen bound to bovine thrombin at 2.3-A resolution. 156 20

The synthesis and T1 and T2 relaxivities of the Cr(III)-(NH2)-Sar-cage complex is reported. An outer-sphere relaxation mechanism is postulated for the relaxivity of the complex. Tissue distribution studies in mice using a [57Co]cobalt analogue as a radioactive tracer showed that the complex is excreted rapidly in the urine. Some renal uptake of the complex is seen. Appreciable uptake of labelled cage complex was observed in 3-methylcholanthrene induced murine rhabdomyosarcoma.
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PMID:Chromium-cage complex as contrast agent in MR imaging--biodistribution studies of the [57Co]cobalt analogue. 172 71

The mechanisms that underlie synaptic plasticity have been largely inferred from electrophysiological studies performed at sites remote from synaptic terminals. Thus the mechanisms involved in plasticity at the secretory sites have remained ill-defined. We have now used somatic synapses of cultured Helisoma neurones to directly assess presynaptic ion conductances and study the secretory apparatus. At these synapses we determined the actions of a modulatory neuropeptide, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFa), on the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Using voltage- and calcium-clamp techniques, we have demonstrated that FMRFa causes a presynaptic inhibition of ACh release by (1) reducing the magnitude of the voltage-dependent calcium current, and (2) regulating the secretory apparatus. The photolabile calcium cage, nitr-5 (refs 3-8), was dialysed into the presynaptic cell. In response to ultraviolet light, calcium was released from nitr-5 and ACh secretion was stimulated. Under conditions of constant internal calcium, FMRFa reduced the rate of ACh release. Thus we conclude that FMRFa reduces the influx of calcium during the action potential and decreases the sensitivity of the secretory apparatus to elevated internal calcium, thereby contributing to a presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release.
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PMID:A neuromodulator of synaptic transmission acts on the secretory apparatus as well as on ion channels. 247 76

A novel forced-air ventilation system for rodent cages was developed. The apparatus was operated at an air flow rate of 56 L/min when used with a 230 mm wide X 450 mm long X 165 mm deep cage. Air velocity measurements in the cage did not exceed 8 m/min at animal (rat) height. The average NH3 concentration in a cage which housed two 250 g rats was less than 0.3 ppm at the end of the third day, whereas the concentration measured in a cage without the forced-air ventilation system was 150 ppm after 3 days. Tests of the water content of soiled bedding showed the forced-air ventilation system to provide a much drier environment for the rodents.
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PMID:A forced-air ventilation system for rodent cages. 405 45

Ammonia (NH3) from soiled cage bedding is known to enhance the progression and severity of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats. To test the hypothesis that NH3 directly or indirectly enhances the growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis in vivo, pathogen-free F344 rats were inoculated intranasally with 1 x 10(4) to 4 x 10(4) or 4 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) colony-forming units of M. pulmonis and exposed to less than or equal to 1.5 or 76 microgram of NH3 per liter (less than or equal to 2 or 100 ppm, respectively). Nasal passages, larynges, tracheas, and lungs from rats killed at intervals up to 28 days after inoculation were quantitatively cultured. Growth of M. pulmonis was much greater in NH3-exposed rats than in controls, particularly in those inoculated with the lower dose. Increases in M. pulmonis populations were more rapid in proximal airways than in distal airways. Serum immunoglobulin G and M antibody responses to M. pulmonis as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were greater in NH3-exposed rats. In other experiments, the nasal passages absorbed virtually all NH3 when the rats were exposed to less than 380 micrograms of NH3 per liter (500 ppm), indicating that NH3 induced increases in the numbers of organisms in the distal respiratory tract, probably by a secondary, rather than a direct, effect. Also, NH3 exposure did not inhibit pulmonary antibacterial activity as measured by clearance of radiolabeled Staphylococcus epidermidis. The growth of M. pulmonis in vitro was inhibited by 1 mM NH4+ added to the medium as NH4OH but not by NH4+ concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, or 0.01 mM, suggesting that NH3 increases growth indirectly through effects on the host.
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PMID:Intracage ammonia promotes growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis in the respiratory tract of rats. 714 91

Nitrogen recoveries of 98% have been obtained, significantly better than those obtained using a commercial metabolism cage.
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PMID:A new metabolism cage suitable for the study of mice. 743 36

In a four-row cowshed adapted for rabbit housing, air temperatures and humidity were recorded ambulantly and instrumentally, air flow rate, cooling variable, gas content in the air, microbial contamination of air and dust deposition were determined ambulantly in the years 1991-1992 and in January to April 1993. The values of ambulant measurings show that at the outside temperature -0.5 degrees C to -5.0 degrees C the microclimate quality decreases particularly with respect to the drop of air temperature in the cowshed below 10.0 degrees C, to the increase in cooling variable up to the value 53.17 mW/cm2 and to the increase in NH3 and CO2 content to 50 ppm and/or 0.45 vol.% in absolute maximum values. In these circumstances, the average determined values of both gases are higher than the standard prescription. At outside temperatures above 27.0 degrees C the average relative air humidity in the cowshed made 69.20% for the average temperature of 25.0 degrees C. To avoid the water vapor tension exceeding the limit in the cowshed air above the value 14.1 mm Hg, when sultry atmosphere sets in, the average relative air humidity should be maximally 59.0%. Hence the cowshed was found to be insufficiently ventilated at high outside temperatures above 27.0 degrees C, and it is recommended to increase the ventilator performance and at the same time to reduce water evaporation from catchpit surfaces when urine output of rabbits is excessive as a result of the increased water intake. Temperature and air humidity readings confirmed the need of heating source installation when the outside temperatures drop below 0.0 degrees C. Evaluation of air microbial contamination showed high counts of molds and particularly of micrococci in comparison with the ambience of a cage facility for piglet raising at a repopulation station with strict hygienic regime. Microbial picture of dust deposition was positively influenced by longitudinal aerosol disinfection of the air in the cowshed.
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PMID:[Hygienic aspects of the microclimate in intensive management of rabbits]. 807 89

Concentrations of ammonia, volatile organic compounds, particles, and mouse allergen were measured in an animal facility. Ammonia concentrations averaged less than 1 ppm, below any health-based standards. The concentrations of volatile organic compounds were in the 5-15 micrograms/m3 range. Among the volatile organic compounds found, only the terpenes a-pinene and a-terpinol (which may be derived from the pine shavings used as bedding) were consistently present in concentrations greater than outdoor air. The primary air contaminant present at concentrations high enough to be of known physiological significance was the mouse allergen, Mus ml. To determine which activities in an animal room generated the highest concentrations of airborne Mus ml, a monitor that counted particles continuously was used. The particle counts were correlated with allergen levels in the worker's breathing zone (r50.83,p,0.05). Thus, a particle counter can be used effectively in an animal facility to identify specific activities that generate high levels of both particles and allergen. Such activities included changing mice from soiled to clean cages, cleaning floors, and changing foam inserts in pressurized individually ventilated cages. To reduce exposure to allergen during cage changing, which is the major activity for an animal caretaker, a capture-type ventilated changing table was designed and tested. Use of such a table reduced exposure to allergen in the worker's breathing zone from 4.961.1 to 2.160.3 ng Mus ml/m3, a level comparable to background levels.
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PMID:Air quality in an animal facility: particulates, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. 868 60

A pseudotetrapeptide analogue of the pyrokinin/PBAN or FXPRLamide family (Cbe-Thr-Pro-Agr-Leu-NH2; Cbe = 2-o-carboranylethanoyl-), in which the phenyl ring of the Phe side chain is replaced with the hydrophobic cage-like o-carborane moiety, was synthesized and found to be 10-fold more potent than cockroach leucopyrokinin on an isolated cockroach hindgut bioassay system. In contrast with the naturally occurring peptide, the myostimulatory activity could not be immediately reversed following a saline rinse, providing evidence that the pseudopeptide analogue binds very strongly to the receptor. Once the analogue reaches the receptor, strong receptor binding characteristics may allow it to avoid inactivation by hemolymph peptidases. Although it has an eightfold smaller sequence than the endogenous 33-membered pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), the carboranyl analogue is 10-fold more potent in an in vivo pheromonotropic bioassay of the female tobacco budworm moth Heliothis virescens, demonstrating that the small, C-terminal pentapeptide pyrokinin core analogue contains all the structural information necessary to fully activate pyrokinin receptors. In contrast with PBAN, the amphiphylic carboranyl analogue elicits pheromone production following topical application in aqueous solution to the lateral abdominal surface of H. virescens, providing a noninvasive means of inducing pheromone production in moths. The analogue can potentially serve as a useful tool to insect researchers studying, and/or attempting to disrupt, physiological processes regulated by pyrokinin-like neuropeptides in insects. A possible role for this and related pyrokinin analogues in future pest insect management strategies is briefly discussed.
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PMID:Potent pheromonotropic/myotropic activity of a carboranyl pseudotetrapeptide analogue of the insect pyrokinin/PBAN neuropeptide family administered via injection or topical application. 884 62


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