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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In man, there is wide interindividual range in the tidal volume response to CO2. To determine which (rib cage or abdomen-diaphragm) compartment had a greater influence on this range, ventilatory response to CO2 was measured, using Read's method, in eight men and two women seated in a constant-pressure body plethysmograph. Rib cage and abdominal tidal volume was simultaneously measured using magnetometers. Correcting for body size, the tidal volume response of the abdominal compartment was similar in all subjects, whereas that of the rib cage was larger in subjects with high tidal volume response to CO2; a significant correlation was found (P less than 0.01). Rib cage volume displacement lagged behind abdominal in all subjects; phase lag was greatest in the subject with the lowest ventilatory response to CO2. These results suggest that, at high levels of ventilation, a larger volume displacement of the rib cage may reflect a more effective coupling of the diaphragm pressure generator to it or alternatively a reduction in its impedance relative to the abdominal compartment.
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PMID:Contribution of rib cage and abdomen-diaphragm to tidal volume during CO2 rebreathing. 15 12

A new method for perfusion of rat lungs in situ was developed for metabolic studies. The pulmonary circulation was cannulated without contacting the lungs, which remained in the thoracic cage. Perfusion was continued for up to 4 h with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, equilibrated with 95% O2- 5% CO2 and containing 4.5% bovine serum albumin, 5.6 mM glucose, and levels of amino acids normally found in rat plasma. At an arterial pressure of 20 cmH2O flow remained constant (10.9 ml/min.100 g body wt) and appeared evenly distributed among the lobes. Tidal volume was 1 ml/100 g body wt (72/min); positive end-expiratory pressure was 2 cmH2O. The preparation remained stable and metabolically active for 4 h, as evidenced by a minimal decline in dry-to-wet weight ratio, constant levels of ATP and glycogen, a high ratio of glucose uptake to lactate production, and a linear rate of incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into protein. The lungs were unaffected when perfusate oxygen was reduced to a more physiological level (20% O2-75% N2-5% CO2). In the presence of 95% N2-5% CO2 dry-to-wet weight ratio, ATP, glycogen, and amino acid incorporation decreased, while lactate production doubled.
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PMID:In situ perfusion of rat lungs: stability and effects of oxygen tension. 46 88

Thirty-two patients were evaluated within 24 hours of admission for 36 episodes of acute respiratory failure (arterial oxygen pressure less than or equal to 50 mm Hg). Clinical data, spirometric determinations, blood gas analysis, and synchronization of chest (rib cage) and abdominal (diaphragmatic) breathing movements were studied. All patients were initially treated with controlled oxygen therapy. In 25 episodes the patients recovered without intubation (successes). In nine episodes the patients required intubation and assisted ventilation; two of these patients died. Two patients died without intubation. The 25 successful episodes were compared with the 11 requiring intubation or associated with death (failures). The breathing pattern proved to be the best single factor for predicting success or failure (77 percent correct prediction). The breathing pattern plus the arterial carbon dioxide tension on admission was the best two-factor guide (86 percent correct prediction). Patients with asynchronous breathing and severe hypercapnia are so unlikely to do well with a program of controlled oxygen therapy that preparations for intubation and assisted ventilation should be made on admission and such measures should be instituted at the first sign of deterioration.
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PMID:Prospective study of controlled oxygen therapy. Poor prognosis of patients with asynchronous breathing. 85 43

The ventilatory response to CO2 was subdivided into that portion due to increasing rib cage expansion, and that due to increased diaphragmatic descent. Five children were studied, awake, and anesthetized with halothane, 0.8-0.9%. During anesthesia there was a 67+/-8% reduction (mean+/-SE) in the slope of the response of overall ventilation to an increase in CO2. This was primarily due to an 89+/-8% reduction in the recruitment of rib cage ventilation (P less than .001). There was no significant change in the slope of the diaphragmatic response (anesthetized value 19+/-21% less than control), although the response curve was shifted to the right so that a higher CO2 concentration was needed to stimulate a given level of diaphragmatic excursion. Additional measurements of the inspiratory intercostal electromyogram in three adult subjects documented a rapid, profound depression of intercostal activity with halothane anesthesia that was associated with a marked decrease in rib cage ventilation. The authors conclude that a major component of the ventilatory depression associated with halothane anesthesia results from the preferential suppression of intercostal muscle function with relative sparing of diaphragmatic activity.
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PMID:Contributions of changing rib cage--diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia. 90 May 41

This report describes the design and construction of a metabolism cage that allows for separation of urine and feces and for trapping expired CO2. Such a cage could find use in pharmacokinetic studies of drug excretion rates where potential metabolism to CO2 should be considered. To demonstrate the separation qualities of this cage design, the radioactivity appearing in the urine, feces, and exhaust gases was determined daily for 14 days after the single oral administration of 26-[14C]cholesterol. Less than 1% of the administered radioactivity appeared in the urine, whereas 61% appeared in the feces and 19% in the expired CO2.
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PMID:Metabolism cage for carbon dioxide trapping studies. 92 94

The recordings from an earlier study regarding the respiratory depth and rate changes induced by exposure to 4% CO2 in air in 13 babies with PM age varying between 32 and 43 weeks were reexamined with regard to the pattern of thoracic abdominal breathing excursion in breathing immediately prior to the CO2 exposure and the type of response induced. The pattern was called "stable" when the thoracic breathing excursions were in phase and congruent with the abdominal ones. When the thoracic excursions in comparison with the abdominal excursions were totally inverted, or incongruous but in phase, or rapidly varying between those two, the pattern was called "unstable". "Unstable" pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was followed in an incidence of 60% by the type of response to CO2 which is characterized by a prompt rate increase (the "Type B" response) and only in 16% by the type characterized by an increased breathing amplitude (the "Type A" response). When the excursion pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was "stable" "Type A" responses were induced in 59% and "Type B" responses in only 14%. The excursion pattern present when a baby is exposed to 4% CO2 thus seems to affect the type of respiratory depth and rate changes achieved. With increasing postmenstrual age the excursion pattern of the spontaneous breathing is more often "stable" and respiratory depth and rate changes of the "Type B" induced by CO2 less common. The variabilities of the breathing seen preferably in the preterm baby regarding regularity, rate and tidal volumes (as they could be approximated by the registration methods used) were noted most when the excursion pattern was "unstable". The results can be hypothetically interpreted to indicate a dynamic interaction between the thoracic wall and pulmonary mechanoreceptor systems of respiratory regulation. The decreasing variability of the breathing seen with increasing maturation in the baby could be explained by an increasing maturation of the neuromuscular ability to provide stability to the rib cage which would act stabilizing on the pulmonary vagal afferent input to the respiratory center.
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PMID:Control of respiration in newborn babies. IV. Rib cage stability and respiratory regulation. 94 1

Nocturnal hyperactivity, as measured by photocell counts of locomotion in a residential maze, was produced in rats by 3 different kinds of brain damage, X-irradiation at gestational day 14 or 15, exposure to carbon monoxide on the fifth day of postnatal life, or bilateral stereotaxic lesions of the globus pallidus in adult rats. These brain-damaged rats and their controls were photographed at 1 frame/sec during their first exploratory experience in a simple cage. Frequency of 15 motor acts, duration of each occurrence and associations of pairs of acts were calculated. The 15 motor acts were divided into 3 clusters of acts labeled grooming, exploratory and attention behaviors. Hyperactivity was associated with shortened durations and increases in frequency of exploratory acts, while grooming and attention behaviors tended to decrease in duration and frequency. Sequences of behavior acts were less structured in hyperactive animals than in controls. In spite of the marked differences known to be produced on brain structures by the 3 different kinds of damage, no changes in behavior structure were found which were uniquely associated with one kind of brain damage. Hyperactivity appeared to be a continuum in that the intensity of effects produced on behavior as measured by the photographic technique correlated well with the amount of increase in photocell activity.
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PMID:Comparison of the structure of hyperactive behavior in rats after brain damage from x-irradiation, carbon monoxide and pallidal lesions. 98 33

An obese patient with a ten year history of respiratory failure presented with insomnia and marked daytime somnolence. Respriatory failure had been attributed to obesity, respiratory centre insensitivity to carbon dioxide, and to diffuse airways obstruction. To investigate the possible role of episodic apnoea with frequent nocturnal arousals, continous recordings were obtained during sleep of arterial oxygen saturation, oesophageal pressure and the motions of the rib-cage and abdomen/diaphragm. Repeated episodes of hypoventilation and profound hypoxaemia were found which were due to intermittent obstruction of the upper airway rather than to cessation of breathing efforts. During the episodes of hypoxaemia, values of arterial O2 tension fell to as low as 24 mmHg. Episodic hypoxaemia was relieved but not abolished, by the use of a collar, designed to hold the mandible forward. Previous reports indicated that recognition of intermittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep and treatment by a permanent tracheostomy, resulted in a significant long-term imporvement of pulmonary and cardiac function and relief of insomnia and day-time somnolence. When tracheostomy is inadvisable, as in the present patient, it is hoped that similar long-term benefits will result from a supportive collar.
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PMID:Intemittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep causing profound hypoxaemia. A neglected mechanism exacerbating chronic respiratory failure. 107 82

A glass metabolic cage was designed for studies involving newborn rats and small animals up to about 15 g. The metabolic chamber is a jacketed tube, open on both ends and closed with 0-ring clamps. Water is circulated around the cage to maintain a constant and physiologic chamber temperature. Information about the metabolic pathway of nutrients and drugs can thus be studied, and the effects of drugs on metabolism of substrates to CO2 can also be assessed in the newborn animal.
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PMID:Design of a metabolic cage for infant rats. 114 30

To clarify the effect of respiratory muscle fatigue on ventilatory response to carbon dioxide, we performed CO2 rebreathing study before and after diaphragmatic fatigue in nine healthy males. Diaphragmatic fatigue was induced by inspiratory resistor loading and confirmed by the increase in Tension Time Index and the decrease in Pdi max at FRC. The effects of diaphragmatic fatigue were as follows: 1) S and B value of VE-CO2 curve did not change. 2) P1-CO2 curve shifted to the left but the slope of the curve did not change. 3) delta Ppl response to CO2 decreased, but delta Pdi response to CO2 did not change. 4) The increase in respiratory accessory muscle EMG was more prominent, compared to diaphragmatic EMG. 5) Rib cage movement became more marked. In conclusion, diaphragmatic fatigue (with 60 percent decrease in Pdi max at FRC) does not affect on ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. To maintain the homeostasis of the chemical ventilatory feedback system, diaphragmatic dysfunction is compensated by the increased activity of respiratory accessory muscles with possible increase in neural drive.
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PMID:[Effect of diaphragmatic fatigue on ventilatory response to carbon dioxide]. 130 16


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