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 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of the anxiogenic agents FG7142, caffeine, pentylenetetrazole, and amphetamine were assessed in two anxiety situations in the marmoset, first in an "anxiogenic" test based on the animal's response to a human observer standing in front of the home cage and second in a low-anxiety situation where animals behaviour was videotaped in the absence of the observer. In response to the human observer, the anxiolytic agent diazepam (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, SC) was shown to reduce the intensity of behaviours such as postures, while increasing time spent on the cage front. In this test, with the exception of amphetamine, which only modified responding at stereotypic doses, the anxiogenic agents failed to modify marmoset behaviour. In contrast, in the low-anxiety filming protocol the anxiogenic agents consistently reduced measures of locomotor activity while increasing the amount of time animals spent in the nest box. It is suggested that the low-anxiety protocol may be useful to evaluate drug-induced anxiogenesis and in studies of withdrawal from chronic anxiolytic treatment or drugs of abuse.
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PMID:Behavioural effects of anxiogenic agents in the common marmoset. 152 37

Pregnant dams were fed a 20% protein diet with caffeine (2 mg/100 g b.wt.), starting on day 9 of gestation. At birth, each dam with 8 assigned pups was fed this diet until weaning, day 22. On day 22, female rats were caged and fed this diet until day 93. Starting on day 93, the caffeine-supplemented diet was replaced with a caffeine-free, 20% protein diet until day 388. Starting on day 31, each animal was placed in a photoactivity cage, and locomotive activity was measured until day 375. On day 388, the animals were killed, and their brains were removed and divided into 7 regions. The weight, DNA, protein and zinc contents, and alkaline phosphatase activity of each region were determined. Locomotive activity of the caffeine-fed group was higher than in the noncaffeine control group. Accumulative activity scores showed 3 subgroups (high, medium, and low) in both groups at day 93. The medium activity subgroup in the caffeine group was greater than the controls from day 72 to day 93. These differences reappeared 5 weeks after cessation of caffeine supplementation and continued until day 375. The differences in activity were minimum in the high and low subgroups. Chronic caffeine intake in early life permanently affected the medium activity subgroup. Furthermore, various regions of the brain were biochemically altered in spite of the feeding of a noncaffeine diet for almost 300 days after caffeine.
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PMID:Lasting effects of early chronic caffeine feeding on rats' behavior and brain in later life. 188 76

Although caffeine may be the most widely used behaviorally active drug, few studies have examined its rewarding properties. In the present study, the designs of place-conditioning and taste-conditioning paradigms were combined in a single experiment to provide two independent measures of drug reward. During 3 preconditioning sessions, undrugged rats received access to 2 distinctive chambers connected by a small tunnel. During the 8-session conditioning phase, groups were given home cage access to either a sweet or salty solution, administered caffeine (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0 mg/kg IP; 30.0 mg/kg SC), and confined to one of the chambers. On alternate sessions, rats were given home cage access to the remaining solution, injected with the vehicle, and confined to the opposite chamber. On test sessions 1 and 2, undrugged animals were given home cage access to one of the flavored solutions and water, and then allowed access to both conditioning chambers. On test session 3, rats were given access to both flavored solutions, injected with the drug used during conditioning, and again allowed access to both chambers. Caffeine (3.0 mg/kg) produced a significant place preference. The highest dose (30.0 mg/kg IP and SC) produced significant place and taste aversions. A control group given (+)-amphetamine illustrated a significant place preference and taste aversion as expected. Thus caffeine appeared to produce a dose-dependent biphasic effect; a lower dose was rewarding, whereas higher doses produced aversions to environmental stimuli associated with the drug.
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PMID:Caffeine-induced place and taste conditioning: production of dose-dependent preference and aversion. 206 88

To estimate the spontaneous motor activity in mice, a new system with highly stable sensitivity and good reproducibility was made, and the effects of five central stimulants were investigated. The apparatus consists of a doughnut-shaped cage with detectors for measuring spontaneous motor activity; i.e., the number of movements, vertical activity, total distance, etc., for every five min. Methamphetamine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg, s.c.) produced an increase in the number of movement and markedly increased total distance. Cocaine (20, 50 and 75 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a marked increase in movement and total distance. Mice injected with 50 mg/kg of cocaine showed long-lasting locomotion with few stops throughout the observation period. Caffeine (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, s.c.) produced a long-lasting and moderate excitation. Morphine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a marked increase in continuous locomotion dose-dependently. Apomorphine produced a transient increase in rearing and locomotion at a dose of 1 mg/kg, s.c.; and it produced long-lasting rearing and moderate locomotor activity at 3 mg/kg. These results suggest that this apparatus is able to detect characteristic changes in spontaneous motor activity produced by central stimulants and may be useful for analyzing drug-induced motor activity in mice in more detail.
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PMID:[A new system for the measurement and analysis of motor activity in mice: effect of several central stimulants]. 221 Apr 88

A method is described for testing infant monkeys on a variety of operant tasks as soon as they can self-feed, typically within the first week of life. Each infant was housed during the 16-21-hour experimental session in a cage to which operant behavioral equipment was attached. Computer control of the experimental contingencies and data acquisition allowed a relatively large number of monkeys to be tested simultaneously, as well as detailed analysis of response parameters. Infant monkeys are capable of learning a number of tasks that assess learning and memory, including visual discrimination and reversal, simultaneous discrimination, and spatial and nonspatial matching to sample. Infant monkeys also perform like older animals on intermittent schedules of reinforcement. The long experimental sessions allowed determination of feeding pattern over the course of the night. Analyses of these variables have proved sensitive to the effects of developmental exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead and caffeine.
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PMID:Automated behavioral procedures for infant monkeys. 224 29

Animals with a history of receiving psychomotor stimulants in a specific environment show enhanced activity when injected with saline and placed there. In the present study, a Pavlovian paradigm was used to compare the unconditioned and conditioned activity effects of (+)-amphetamine (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg), caffeine (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg), and a saline group (n's = 6-12). Rats experienced conditioning days with either drug or saline injected IP prior to a 60-min session in the activity monitor and the alternate saline or drug injected in the home cage following the session. On test days, all animals received saline in the activity monitors. Results revealed that amphetamine produced environment-specific conditioning in a dose-dependent manner; previous experience with 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 but not 0.1 mg/kg in the activity monitor resulted in conditioned activity. A caffeine dose of 10.0 mg/kg produced stimulant effects on conditioning days and previous experience with the 1.0, 10.0, or 30.0 mg/kg dose in the activity monitor led to conditioned activity on test days. However, on test days the control groups as well as the 30.0 mg/kg experimental group showed significantly reduced activity as compared to the saline group. Thus, it appeared that caffeine produced hypoactivity 23 h after injection. Amphetamine produced conditioning in a dose-dependent manner, and the appearance of significant unconditioned activity during conditioning sessions was not necessary or sufficient to produce a conditioned effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of the ability of (+)-amphetamine and caffeine to produce environment-specific conditioning. 311 89

This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic caffeine treatment on behavior in the social interaction, holeboard and home-cage aggression tests and on proconvulsant actions with pentylenetetrazol. Acutely-treated rats received an IP injection of caffeine (20 or 40 mg/kg). Chronically-treated rats received caffeine in their drinking water for 21 days (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) followed by an injection of caffeine on the test day (20 or 40 mg/kg respectively). Acutely, the higher dose of caffeine (40 mg/kg) decreased levels of social interaction. In the holeboard test, 20 mg/kg of acute caffeine increased motor activity whilst 40 mg/kg reduced head-dipping behavior. In the home-cage aggression test, acute caffeine (40 mg/kg) reduced offensive aggressive behaviors. After chronic treatment with caffeine none of these behaviors differed significantly from controls. After both acute and chronic treatment, caffeine (20 and 40 mg/kg) was proconvulsant with pentylenetetrazol.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of acute and chronic administration of caffeine in the rat. 322 34

Corticotropin-releasing factor injected intracerebroventricularly in a dose of 1 microgram produced a prolonged locomotor activation (3 h) in rats previously habituated to the test cage environment. This activation was reversed by alpha-flupenthixol (intraperitoneally), a dopamine receptor antagonist, only at cataleptic doses and not at all by naloxone (subcutaneously) in doses of 0.02-5.0 mg/kg. The effective dose 50% (ED50) for the alpha-flupenthixol reversal of locomotor activity induced by corticotropin-releasing factor was 0.13 mg/kg; similar to the 0.14 mg/kg ED50 needed to reverse the locomotor activation produced by caffeine (10 mg/kg s.c.). The ED50 necessary to reverse amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg s.c.) locomotion with this drug was 0.07 mg/kg. The results suggest that the corticotropin-releasing factor acts independently of direct activation of the dopamine or opioid peptide systems.
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PMID:Effects of alpha-flupenthixol and naloxone on CRF-induced locomotor activation. 609 52

Pregnant rats were treated with caffeine in their drinking water at doses of 136.3 mg/kg/day during gestation and 222.2 mg/kg/day during lactation. The resulting offspring at 60 days of age (40 days after drug withdrawal) were tested in an activity monitor cage. Spontaneous locomotor activity and that induced by caffeine (10, 30, 60 mg/kg/day) were observed. Treated rats showed apparent tolerance to caffeine-induced motility. Therefore perinatal caffeine treatment seems to induce long-lasting tolerance. This finding contrasts with those previously reported for chronic caffeine treatment in adult rats, where tolerance disappears after only 2-3 weeks following drug withdrawal.
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PMID:Long-lasting tolerance to stimulatory effects of perinatal caffeine treatment. 643 91

Psychosocially stressed male mice competing in a Henry-Stephens complex population cage develop hypertension, cardiovascular damage, and chronic interstitial nephritis. Their plasma renin, noradrenaline, corticosterone, and adrenal-catecholamine synthetic enzymes are increased and they die prematurely. Adding 3.3 mg of caffeine a day per kilogram of mouse body weight (the equivalent of 20 micrograms/ml decaffeinated coffee) to their drinking water significantly intensifies most of these changes. A dose of 90 mg/kg of caffeine (the equivalent of 560 micrograms/ml, i.e., brewed tea or coffee) further increases the effects. The drug-induced enhancement of competitive social stimulation of the neuroendocrine system resulted in a further increase of plasma renin and corticosterone levels as well as blood pressure and adrenal weight. These effects together with accelerated mortality and increased pathology indicate that chronic consumption of caffeinated liquids adds to the risks of psychosocial stress.
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PMID:Caffeine as an intensifier of stress-induced hormonal and pathophysiologic changes in mice. 700


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