Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mouse Frizzled-8, encoding a WNT receptor, is a potent cancer-associated gene to activate the beta-catenin-TCF pathway. However, these is a possibility that mouse Frizzled-8 might be a pseudogene, because structure and expression profile of mouse Frizzled-8 mRNA are still unclear. We have cloned and characterized the human Frizzled-8 (FZD8) gene, a human homologue of mouse Frizzled-8. Comparison between FZD8 genome clones and FZD8 cDNA clones isolated in this study revealed no intron within the FZD8 gene. FZD8 was found to encode a 694 amino-acid polypeptide with the frizzled-like cysteine-rich domain, seven transmembrane domains, and the C-terminal Ser/Thr-X-Val motif. Among human FZD family, FZD8 was most homologous to FZD5 (total amino-acid identity 69.1%). The 4.0-kb FZD8 mRNA was detected in fetal kidney and brain, and also in adult kidney, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. These results indicate that human FZD8 is not a pseudogene. The FZD8 gene was mapped to human chromosome 10p11.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Among human cancer cell lines, FZD8 was relatively highly expressed in HeLa S3 (cervical uterus cancer) and A549 (lung cancer). Up-regulation of FZD8 might play key roles in several types of human cancer through activation of the beta-catenin-TCF pathway.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and characterization of human Frizzled-8 gene on chromosome 10p11.2. 1129 46

Hfz5 is a potent cancer associated gene, encoding WNT receptor with the potential to activate beta-catenin - TCF signaling pathway. Here, human Frizzled-5 (FZD5) gene and cDNAs were cloned and characterized. FZD5 was almost identical to Hfz5, except for six amino-acid substitutions at codon 88, 262, 263, 345, 357, and 402. HF5S1 probe (nucleotide position 2036-2535 of FZD5 cDNA) hybridized to 7.5- and 3.5-kb FZD5 mRNAs, and HF5S2 probe (nucleotide position 5572-6194 of FZD5 cDNA) hybridized only to 7.5-kb FZD5 mRNA. FZD5 cDNA was polyadenylated at the nucleotide position 6534, while several FZD5 ESTs were polyadenylated at the nucleotide position 2561. The 7.5- and 3.5-kb FZD5 mRNAs were transcribed probably due to alternative splicing. FZD5 was highly expressed in fetal liver and adult pancreas, and moderately expressed in fetal lung, kidney and adult liver. Among human cancer cell lines, FZD5 was highly expressed in K-562 cells derived from chronic myelogenous leukemia. FZD5 gene, consisting of two exons, was mapped to human chromosome 2q33.3-q34 region, near the FZD7 gene and the FRA2I fragile site. These results suggest that FZD5 up-regulation might play key roles in chronic myelogenous leukemia through activation of the WNT - beta-catenin - TCF signaling pathway.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and characterization of human Frizzled-5 gene on chromosome 2q33.3-q34 region. 1140 29

FRAT1 and FRAT2 are cancer-associated genes encoding GSK-3beta-binding proteins. Over-expression of FRAT1 or FRAT2 lead to carcinogenesis through activation of WNT--beta-catenin--TCF signaling pathway. We have previously cloned and characterized FRAT2. Here, we found that FRAT1 and FRAT2 genes were clustered in the human chromosome 10q24.1 region. Blast search revealed that FRAT1 and FRAT2 genes, consisting of a single exon, were located together on human genome draft sequences AC006098.1 and AL355490.7, corresponding to the human chromosome 10q24.1 region. FRAT1 and FRAT2 genes were clustered in a tail to tail manner with an interval of about 10.7 kb. The 2.7-kb FRAT1 mRNA was relatively highly expressed in fetal brain, adult spleen, pancreas, HeLa S3 (cervical cancer), and K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia). FRAT1 and FRAT2 were co-expressed in 7 gastric cancer cell lines and 10 cases of primary gastric cancer, and were up-regulated together in gastric cancer cell line TMK1 and 2 cases of primary gastric cancer. These results indicated that FRAT1 and FRAT2 genes were up-regulated together in several cases of human gastric cancer. Up-regulation of FRAT1 and FRAT2 in gastric cancer might lead to carcinogenesis through activation of WNT--beta-catenin--TCF signaling pathway.
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PMID:FRAT1 and FRAT2, clustered in human chromosome 10q24.1 region, are up-regulated in gastric cancer. 1144 44

We identified patterns of differentially-expressed genes in cell lines derived from several pediatric solid tumors. Affymetrix Human Cancer G110 Arrays, carrying 1,700 cancer-associated genes, were applied to a panel of 11 cell lines originating from Ewing tumors (ETs), neuroblastomas, and malignant melanoma of soft parts. Hierarchical clustering clearly differentiated these 3 entities and revealed groups of 75, 102, and 36 gene probe-sets exhibiting tumor-type specific up-regulation in these cell lines, respectively. Whereas ET lines demonstrated increased expression of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A (PPP1R1A), NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinase 2 (NEK2), and cyclin D1 (CCND1), neuroblastoma samples exhibited high expression of wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family member 11 (WNT11), Drosophila frizzled homolog 2 (FZD2), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) which are involved in regulating free beta-catenin levels. These genes likely maintain tumor-specific characteristics and participate in key downstream regulatory mechanisms. We also correlated the expression levels of up-regulated genes in ETs with their chromosomal localization and compared these data to the comparative genomic hybridization profiles of the cell lines. We demonstrate that gains of genetic material contribute essentially to differential gene expression.
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PMID:Expression analysis of pediatric solid tumor cell lines using oligonucleotide microarrays. 1183 53

SOX transcription factors with high-mobility-group DNA-binding domain (HMG box) play key roles in embryogenesis. Some members of the SOX family are negative regulators of the WNT-beta-catenin-TCF signaling pathway. We have previously cloned and characterized human SOX17, constituting a subfamily with SOX7 and SOX18. Another group mapped SOX7 gene to human chromosome 8p22, and reported almost ubiquitous expression of 5.0-kb SOX7 mRNA in human normal tissues. Here, expression of SOX7 mRNA was investigated by using SOX7 specific probe, which hybridized to 3.8-kb human SOX7 mRNA, but not to 5.0-kb mRNA. SOX7 mRNA was relatively highly expressed in adult lung, trachea, lymph node, placenta, fetal lung, and heart. In adult heart, SOX7 mRNA was more highly expressed in ventricules, inter-ventricular septum and apex than in atriums. SOX7 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3, PSN-1, Hs766T, and in 4 cases out of 8 cases of primary gastric cancer. SOX7 mRNA was relatively highly expressed in a gastric cancer cell line MKN45, esophageal cancer cell lines TE2, TE3, TE4, TE5, TE7, TE8, TE11, TE12, and TE13. On the other hand, SOX7 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in 7 out of 18 cases of primary colorectal tumors, in 4 out of 9 cases of primary breast cancer, in 4 out of 14 cases of primary kidney tumors, and also in some cases of primary lung and prostate cancer. SOX7 gene might be one of cancer-associated genes on human chromosome 8p22.
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PMID:Expression of human SOX7 in normal tissues and tumors. 1189 28

WNT signals play key roles in carcinogenesis and embryogenesis through the specification of cell fate and polarity. Dishevelled (DVL) proteins are WNT signaling molecules implicated in beta-catenin pathway and PCP pathway. Xenopus Dapper and Frodo are Dvl-binding proteins, showing 89.8% total-amino-acid identity. Here, we identified and characterized human homologs of Xenopus Dapper and Frodo using bioinformatics. Human DAPPER1 gene was located within human genome draft sequence NT_025892.9 (nucleotide position 39378960-39387891 in the forward orientation), and human DAPPER2 gene within NT_007302.10 (nucleotide position 660279-672480 in the reverse orientation). DAPPER1 (799-amino-acids) and DAPPER2 (774-amino-acids) showed 28.8% total-amino-acid identity. Seven DAPPER homologous (DAPH) domains, including DAPH2 (leucine zipper), DAPH3 (serine rich) and DAPH7 (PDZ binding), were conserved between DAPPER1 and DAPPER2. Phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate Dapper proteins revealed that Xenopus Dapper and Frodo are orthologs of human DAPPER1. DAPPER1 mRNA was expressed in amnion, fetal brain, eye, heart, adult brain medulla, gastric cancer (signet ring cell features), RER+ colon tumor, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, germ cell tumor, chondrosarcoma, and parathyroid tumor. DAPPER2 mRNA was expressed in placenta, genitourinary tract tumor, and endometrial adenocarcinoma. DAPPER1 and DAPPER2 genes were mapped to human chromosome 14q22.3 and 6q27, respectively. Human chromosome 14q22.3 is deleted in astrocytoma, while human chromosome 6q27 is deleted in breast, ovarian, and gastric cancer. Based on evolutionary and functional conservation of WNT signaling molecules as well as human chromosomal localization, DAPPER1 and DAPPER2 genes are predicted to be potent cancer-associated genes.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of human DAPPER1 and DAPPER2 genes in silico. 1263 86

The molecular events associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus are not well understood. Gene expression associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma was investigated using a cDNA array containing 1,176 human cancer-associated genes. Approximately 59% of the genes were expressed at detectable levels with 15 genes (1.3%) exhibiting differential (> 2.5-fold) expression in either normal oesophagus or adenocarcinoma tissue. Nine genes were up-regulated in oesophageal adenocarcinoma tissue (matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), cytokeratins 8 and 18, integrin alpha 3 (ITGA3), integrin alpha 6 (ITGA6), BIGH3 (transforming growth factor beta-induced), beta-catenin and CDC25B (M-phase inducer phosphatase 2)). Six genes were down-regulated in adenocarcinoma tissue (cytokeratin 4, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IRAP), cytokeratin 13/15/17, MAD and retinoic acid receptor gamma 1 (RARG)). Many of these differentially expressed genes influence cell-cell adhesion, cell-extracellular matrix and composition, transcriptional activation and cell cycle progression and are likely to contribute to development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Transcriptional gene expression profiles of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and normal oesophageal tissues. 1268 Feb 8

Cell-cell adhesion determines the polarity of cells and participates in the maintenance of the cell societies called tissues. Cell-cell adhesiveness is generally reduced in human cancers. Reduced intercellular adhesiveness allows cancer cells to disobey the social order, resulting in destruction of histological structure, which is the morphological hallmark of malignant tumors. Reduced intercellular adhesiveness is also indispensable for cancer invasion and metastasis. A tumor-suppressor gene product, E-cadherin, and its undercoat proteins, catenins, which connect cadherins to actin filaments, are located at lateral borders, concentrating on adherens junctions, of epithelial cells and establish firm cell-cell adhesion. The E-cadherin cell adhesion system in cancer cells is inactivated by various mechanisms that reflect the morphological and biological characteristics of the tumor. Silencing of the E-cadherin gene by DNA hypermethylation around the promoter region occurs frequently, even in precancerous conditions. In diffuse infiltrating cancers, mutations are found in the genes for E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenins. At the invading front of cancers, the E-cadherin cell adhesion system is inactivated by tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin; an oncogene product, c-erbB-2 protein, is found to associate directly with beta-catenin. The E-cadherin cell adhesion system cross-talks with the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, and expression of genes, which participate in cancer morphogenesis, may be regulated in conjunction with the Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway. Dysadherin, a newly identified cancer-associated cell membrane glycoprotein, down-regulates E-cadherin and promotes cancer metastasis. In conclusion, inactivation of the E-cadherin cell adhesion system by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms plays a significant role during multistage human carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Cell adhesion system and human cancer morphogenesis. 1284 64

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a cancer-associated transmembrane isoform of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyse interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. CA IX is strongly induced by tumor hypoxia and has been proposed to participate in acidification of tumor microenvironment and in cell adhesion. To elucidate the cell adhesion-related role of CA IX, we investigated its subcellular localization and relationship to E-cadherin, a key adhesion molecule whose loss or destabilization is linked to tumor invasion. For this purpose, we generated MDCK cells with constitutive expression of human CA IX protein. During the monolayer formation, CA IX was localized to cell-cell contacts and its distribution in lateral membranes overlapped with E-cadherin. Calcium switch-triggered disruption and reconstitution of cell contacts resulted in relocalization of both CA IX and E-cadherin to cytoplasm and back to plasma membrane. A similar phenomenon was observed in hypoxia-treated and reoxygenated cells. Moreover, CA IX-expressing MDCK cells exhibited reduced cell adhesion capacity and lower levels of Triton-insoluble E-cadherin. Finally, CA IX was found to coprecipitate with beta-catenin. We conclude that CA IX has a capacity to modulate E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion via interaction with beta-catenin, which could be of potential significance in hypoxia-induced tumor progression.
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PMID:Carbonic anhydrase IX reduces E-cadherin-mediated adhesion of MDCK cells via interaction with beta-catenin. 1456 91

CXXC4 gene encodes Dishevelled-binding protein, functioning as a negative regulator of WNT - beta-catenin signaling pathway. CXXC5, encoding CXXC finger (PHD domain) protein, is the paralog of CXXC4. CXXC6, MLL, DNMT1, ASXL1, ASXL2, and ASXL3 are cancer-associated genes belonging to the CXXC gene family. Here, we identified and characterized CXXC10 (CXXL4L or CXXC6L) gene by using bioinformatics. Complete coding sequence of human CXXC10 cDNA was determined by assembling AI438961 EST, AC073046.7 genome sequence, BX492895 EST, and MGC22014 5'-truncated cDNA. CXXC10 gene products derived from nucleotide positions 428-739 and 811-3624 were designated CXXC10-1 and CXXC10-2, respectively. CXXC10-1 (103 aa) was homologous to CXXC4 and CXXC6 within the CXXC domain. CXXC10-2 (937 aa) was homologous to CXXC6, and KIAA1546. Complete coding sequence of KIAA1546 cDNA was determined by assembling BF900449 EST, IMAGE3536481 partial cDNA, and KIAA1546 5'-truncated cDNA (AB046766.1). LCXH1 domain (codon 1-273 of CXXC10-2) and LCXH2 domain (codon 778-854 of CXXC10-2) were conserved among CXXC10-2, KIAA1546, and CXXC6. CXXC4 and KIAA1546 genes were closely linked in head to head manner with an interval of about 700 kb. CXXC10 locus at 2p13.1, CXXC4-KIAA1546 locus at 4q24, and CXXC6 locus at 10q21.3 were paralogous regions within the human genome. Because CXXC4 and KIAA1546 genes were located in the opposite direction, intragenetic inversion might be generated within the ancestral CXXC4-KIAA1546 locus during evolution. This is the first report on CXXC10 gene as well as on the CXXC10, CXXC4-KIAA1546, and CXXC6 paralogs.
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PMID:Identification and characterization of human CXXC10 gene in silico. 1537 72


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