Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An investigation was undertaken to determine if immobilization could inhibit the coitus-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release. New Zealand white rabbits were given injections of 50 mcg/kg estradiol benzoate for 2 days and then mated. The female was removed immediately after mating and a blood sample drawn. The animal was then either immobilized completely in a restraining cage for the sampling period or allowed to move between sampling times. Radioimmunoassay for LH was performed. Progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4en-3-one were determined by radioimmunoassay. There was an increase in LH following mating in both groups. Immobilization was ineffective in inhibiting the ovulatory response. Other measurements corresponded to the level of LH observed.
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PMID:Immobilization does not inhibit the post-coital ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the rabbit. 96 3

Sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses to acute footshock stress were assessed in inbred Dahl salt-sensitive (S/JR) and salt-resistant (R/JR) rats by measuring plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI). Ten-week-old S/JR and R/JR rats were surgically prepared with indwelling tail artery catheters which permitted direct measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg) and heart rate (HR, beats/min) and remote sampling of blood. Two days after surgery, S/JR and R/JR rats were subjected to an acute stress paradigm. Blood samples were collected before and 3 minutes after transfer of rats to a shock chamber, after 1 minute of intermittent footshock, and again 5 minutes later. S/JR rats had significantly higher resting MAP's compared to R/JR rats. In contrast, baseline heart rates were similar for rats of the two strains. Basal plasma levels of NE and EPI were also similar in S/JR and R/JR rats. Upon transfer from the home cage to a shock chamber, S/JR rats exhibited significant increases in plasma levels of both catecholamines, while R/JR rats maintained circulating levels of NE and EPI that were near baseline values. However, S/JR and R/JR rats had similar increments in plasma NE and EPI following acute footshock stress. Five minutes after footshock, levels of NE and EPI returned toward baseline values for R/JR's, but remained significantly elevated above baseline in hypertensive S/JR rats. These data suggest that S/JR rats are more responsive than R/JR controls to the mild stress of transfer, but exhibit comparable responses to the more intense stress of inescapable footshock.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sympathetic-adrenal medullary responses to acute stress in Dahl hypertensive (S/JR) rats. 272 39

The influence of progesterone on sexual and aggressive behaviors during aggressive encounters was investigated in pairs of TP-treated male and female rats. Gonadectomized females, chronically injected with testosterone propionate (TP), showed low but consistent levels of feminine sexual behavior which alternated with aggression. Progesterone when given in addition to TP facilitated receptive and proceptive behaviors, but reduced levels of aggression. In TP-treated males, levels of aggression were the same as observed in TP-treated females. However, TP-treated males seldomly showed sexual behavior during aggressive encounters and additional treatment with progesterone did not affect their behavior. After the aggression tests, animals were tested in a social preference test in which an ovariectomized female cage mate and the opponent from the aggressive encounter served as incentives. Positive correlations between levels of aggression and social preference for an opponent were found in both sexes, although correlations only reached statistical significance when progesterone was given in addition to TP. These correlations were found in both sexes, despite the fact that group analysis revealed pronounced sex differences in social preference: males preferred to spend their time near ovariectomized female cage mates, whereas females divided their time equally among female cage mates and opponents.
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PMID:Sex-specific interactions between aggressive and sexual behavior in the rat: effects of testosterone and progesterone. 379 24

The regulation of pituitary GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) by gonadal steroids was examined in female mice housed in a constant environment (six to 8 per cage in same room as males). A 60% decrease in GnRH-R occurred 7 days after ovariectomy (OVX) (9.2 +/- 0.9 fmol/pituitary OVX vs. 25 +/- 2 for intact random estrous cycle controls). The receptor affinity (Ka 1.86 X 10(9) M-1) remained constant in intact and OVX female mouse pituitary particles. The pattern of GnRH-R fall after OVX was similar to that found in male mice, except that the GnRH-R decrease began some 6 h later than in males and serum LH also rose more slowly. Serum FSH was significantly elevated 6 h post OVX. In contrast to males, pituitary LH, in spite of a rapid fall (60%) at 12 h, regained the random, estrous cycle control value by 4 days post OVX and then increased to above this level. Pituitary FSH, unlike in males, remained at the intact value (3.1 +/- 0.24 micrograms/pituitary) up to 24 h post OVX and then gradually rose to 7.9 +/- 0.37 micrograms/pituitary on day 4 and 15.5 +/- 0.32 micrograms/pituitary on day 7. Treatment of OVX female mice with estradiol-17 beta (300 ng/day) attenuated the postcastration GnRH-R fall, and was more effective when combined with progesterone (375 micrograms/day). Progesterone alone was ineffective. The GnRH-R fall post OVX persisted for up to 2 months, despite elevated serum and pituitary LH and FSH levels. GnRH-R fell by 40% in lactating mice (20.6 +/- 0.95-lactating vs. 32.4 +/- 1.25 fmol/pituitary-random, estrous cycling females). Serum LH was reduced by 70% in lactating mice. These findings are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those in lactating rats suggesting that, in this physiological situation, a similar mechanism may account for the receptor fall in both species. In sex reversed (Sxr) mice (genotypic female-phenotypic male) GnRH-R values were about 50% higher than those of intact normal male and normal, random estrous cycling, female values. This was the only situation in mice in which pituitary GnRH-R increases were observed to date. Serum and pituitary LH and FSH values in Sxr mice were elevated, especially when compared with normal, random estrous cycling female controls. The results indicate that pituitary GnRH-R of female mice fall in response to removal of gonadal steroid feedback, in the same way as males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor regulation in mice. II: Females. 632 43

The basal concentrations of progesterone in plasma of 16-day pregnant rats were measured after seven different sampling procedures. Progesterone concentrations in serial samples from rats held at the time of sampling (restrained group) were compared with those obtained from rats allowed to remain free in their cage (free group). In addition, the effects on plasma progesterone concentrations of anaesthesia induced by ether or pentobarbitone sodium, and of adrenalectomy and/or ovariectomy were studied. Over the 8-h sampling period, progesterone concentrations in the plasma of restrained rats, with or without anaesthesia, were about 30% higher and more variable than those in free rats. Progesterone concentrations rose sharply over the first 30 min in restrained rats and in those treated with ether. Rats adrenalectomized the day before sampling did not show this early rise and their progesterone concentrations were similar to those of free rats. Progesterone concentrations were lowest in ovariectomized rats which had also been adrenalectomized. These findings show that adrenal secretion can increase plasma concentrations of progesterone in pregnant rats which have been handled or anaesthetized. Such a rise might well modulate the effects of experimental stimuli.
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PMID:Effects of handling, anaesthesia, ovariectomy and adrenalectomy on serial measurements of plasma progesterone in 16-day pregnant rats. 669 29

Haloperidol (HPD: 0.4 mg/kg, sc) completely abolished not only the ambulatory stimulation by methamphetamine (MAP: 2 mg/kg, sc) but also the induction and expression of MAP sensitization in the combined administration schedule. HPD also significantly reduced the induction of MAP sensitization when the mice were treated with HPD at 1/12, 1/4, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hr but not at 1/2 hr or later than 6 hr, after each administration of MAP. The inhibition by the 3-hr post-treatment with HPD was as strong as that by the combined administration. On the other hand, a restraint of abulation for 3 hr (putting the mouse in a small jar) significantly inhibited the induction of MAP sensitization when it was started at 0/4 hr, but not at 1/2-6 hr, after each MAP administration. The inhibitory effects of restraint, starting at 0-1/4 hr, were almost equivalent to those of the post-treatments with HPD at the same times. The post treatments with HPD + restraint showed similar inhibitory effects on MAP sensitization to those of HPD alone. The repeated administration of saline together with post-treatment with either HPD, restraint or HPD + restraint did not change MAP sensitivity. These results suggest that a couple of free movement in the activity cage and stimulation of dopamine receptors for longer than 1/2 hr immediately after administration of MAP, and an agonistic effect on dopamine receptors during 1-5 hr after MAP are responsible for perfect induction of the MAP sensitization in terms of ambulation in mice.
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PMID:Haloperidol and restraint differently inhibit the induction of sensitization to the ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine in mice. 758 19

Cross-fostering of litters was used to determine the timing of preweanling maternal influences on the development of high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. The SHR litters were either reared by their natural mothers or reciprocally cross-fostered to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) mothers for postnatal days 1-7, 1-14, 1-21, 8-21, or 15-21. All SHR litters were weaned at 21 days of age and males were housed in groups of two to three per cage until physiological measures were obtained at 100 days of age. At 100 days of age, all rats were surgically prepared with tail artery catheters and, on the day after surgery, direct measures of mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg) and heart rate (HR, bpm) were obtained while rats were resting and undisturbed in their individual home cages. Our findings indicate that cross-fostering SHR pups to WKY foster mothers was attended by significant effects on body weights at weaning and on adult MAPs. Compared to control SHRs, cross-fostered SHRs, with the exception of the 15-21-day group, were significantly heavier at weaning. By 100 days of age, body weights of SHRs were similar across treatment groups. Basal MAPs of SHRs cross-fostered for days 1-7, 1-14, 1-21, and 8-21, but not days 15-21, were reduced significantly compared to SHR controls reared by their natural mothers. In contrast, basal HRs were not affected in any of the cross-fostered SHR groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Timing of preweanling maternal effects on development of hypertension in SHR rats. 802 3

Mice given five repeated administrations of methamphetamine (MAP: 2 mg/kg SC) or cocaine (COC: 20 mg/kg SC) at 3-day intervals in a round tilting-type activity cage (20 cm in diameter) showed sensitization to the ambulation-increasing effect of each drug. The mean 3- or 2-h overall activity count at the fifth administration of MAP or COC, respectively, was 2.3-2.5 times higher than that at the first administration. Mice given MAP or COC 4 times in round spaces (15-30 cm in diameter), where the floor did not tilt, exhibited sensitization as strong as that demonstrated by mice given each drug in the activity cages, when the mice were given the fifth administration in the activity cages. In contrast, mice repeatedly given the drugs in spaces 4-9 cm in diameter never, and those in space 12 cm in diameter only partially, exhibited sensitization to MAP and COC. Furthermore, mice given MAP or COC 4 times in their home cages (25D x 20W x 15H cm, with ten mice in each cage) showed partial sensitization. Repeated administration of saline to mice in activity cages, in the spaces 4-30 cm in diameter, or in the home cages did not cause significant change in the sensitivity to either MAP or COC. These results suggest that repeated experience of the stimulant effect of drug and the resultant ambulation is required for induction of sensitization to MAP and COC in terms of ambulation in mice. It is also suggested that spaces larger than 12 cm in diameter, which correspond to 2-2.5 times as long as the body length without tail, and no interference from other mice are required for induction of strong sensitization to both MAP and COC.
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PMID:Importance of post-drug environmental factors for induction of sensitization to the ambulation-increasing effects of methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. 887 45

Peptides with high affinities and specificities for numerous proteins and nucleic acids have been previously identified from random peptide bacteriophage display libraries. Here, random peptide bacteriophage display libraries were used to identify sequences that bound the cancer-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich glycoantigen (T antigen). The T antigen, present on most malignant cells, contains an immunodominant Gal beta1 --> 3GalNAc alpha disaccharide unmasked on the surfaces of most carcinomas. This antigen has been postulated to be involved in tumor cell aggregation and metastasis. Two 15 amino acid random peptide bacteriophage display libraries were affinity selected with glycoproteins displaying T antigen on their surfaces. Sequence analysis revealed that many of the peptides shared homology with sugar recognition sites in several carbohydrate-binding proteins. A comparison of affinity selected sequences from both libraries yielded a common motif (W-Y-A-W/F-S-P) rich in aromatic amino acids. Four peptides, corresponding to the affinity selected sequences, were chemically synthesized and characterized for their carbohydrate recognition properties. The synthetic peptides exhibited high specificities and affinities to T antigen displayed on asialofetuin or conjugated to bovine serum albumin (Kd = 5 nM for MAP-P30 binding to asialofetuin) as well as free T-antigen disaccharide in solution (Kd = 10 microM for MAP-P30, 20 microM for P10). Two peptides, P30 and P10, demonstrated high affinities and specificities for both asialofetuin and T antigen in solution. Iodination of a lone tyrosine residue in each sequence dramatically reduced their abilities to bind T antigen, suggesting that the tyrosine residue plays an important role in carbohydrate recognition. That these peptides are of functional significance is evidenced by the ability of both P30 and P10 to inhibit asialofetuin-mediated melanoma cell aggregation in vitro and to compete with peanut lectin for binding to T antigen displayed on the surface of MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cells in situ.
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PMID:Characterization of peptides that bind the tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen selected from bacteriophage display libraries. 923 4

This study describes a technique for the direct daily measurement of arterial blood pressure, sampling of arterial blood, and continuous intravenous infusion in free-moving, conscious, Swiss-Webster mice. Catheters were chronically implanted in the femoral artery and vein, tunneled subcutaneously, exteriorized at the back of the neck in a lightweight tethering spring, and attached to a swivel device at the top of the cage. Time-control experiments (n = 8) demonstrated stable values of mean arterial pressure (MAP, 116 +/- 1 mmHg) and heart rate (HR, 627 +/- 21 beats/min) for up to 35 days after catheter implantation. It was further observed that restraining mice (n = 7) increased MAP by 10 +/- 3 mmHg and HR by 78 +/- 8 beats/min from the values observed under free-moving conditions. To demonstrate the chronic use of the venous catheter, intravenous infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 8.6 mg.kg-1.day-1, n = 6) for 5 days significantly increased MAP from 117 +/- 4 to 131 +/- 4 mmHg without altering HR. In a final group of mice (n = 5), oral L-arginine (2% in drinking water) increased plasma arginine concentration from 90 +/- 7 to 131 +/- 17 microM and prevented L-NAME hypertension. These experiments illustrate the feasibility of long-term intravenous infusion, direct arterial blood pressure measurements, and arterial blood sampling in conscious mice.
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PMID:Long-term measurement of arterial blood pressure in conscious mice. 948 19


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