Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A field investigation was conducted to study the thermoregulatory responses in nine Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living in a snowy mountain area, Jigoku-Dani (Hell Valley, about 1,000 m above sea level) in Shiga Heights in central Japan in late January 1975. At about the same time, a laboratory study was made on four Japanese macaques reared in mild climate in an outdoor cage in Inuyama City. In the Hell Valley (HV) monkeys, no significant change in metabolic rate was observed at Ta between -1.4 and 28.3 degrees C, while the rectal temperature was maintained at normal level. In the cold environment, the skin temperatures of HV monkeys were significantly higher than those of the monkeys living indoors previously studied. Similar patterns of metabolic and thermal responses were observed in Inuyama monkeys living outdoors, but to a lesser degree. The hair on the back and abdomen in the HV monkeys was significantly longer than that of Iuyama monkeys living indoors. It is suggested that the thick fur of HV monkeys may account for, if not all, the thermoregulatory responses of the Japanese macaque in snowy mountain areas.
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PMID:Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area. 41 Sep 88

To study determinants and possible reasons of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, locomotor effects of the drug (COC, 15 mg/kg, IP; 5 daily injections followed by a "challenge," four days later) and various stimuli associated (procedure of injection, placement in the test cage) and nonassociated (tail-pinch) with its administration were measured in rats under different experimental conditions. When COC was injected in quite conditions, two hours after animal habituation to the test cages, locomotor response to the first drug injection was only slightly higher compared to one of saline and these responses were relatively stable following repeated treatment (no sensitization). An enhanced locomotor response to the procedure of injection (needle prick) without changes in responsivity to other stimuli used were found in these COC-treated rats. When COC was injected in activated conditions (animal placement in test cages), locomotor response to the first drug administration was significantly higher compared to one of saline and COC used in the quiet state and it was enhanced following repeated treatment (sensitization). More intense locomotion associated with placement in test cages without any changes in responses to other stimuli was found in rats after this procedure of treatment. Thus, locomotor effects of COC and dynamics of its changes following repeated treatment depend upon the organism's functional state accompanying the drug's effect. Reinforcing action of COC determining development of interinfluence of its effects and ones triggered by environmental variables (learning based on conditioning) is considered as a proposed initial cause and a main mechanism both for enhanced reactivity to cocaine administered under conditions of its previous use and to various environmental events associated with previous cocaine effects.
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PMID:State-dependent peculiarities of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and their possible reasons. 130 42

Graft chimeras were generated using Lycopersicon pennellii and L. esculentum to determine the contribution of the three meristem layers (L1, L2, and L3) to trichome density, sugar ester production, and aphid resistance. Sugar esters, in the form of triacylglucoses, have been implicated in the aphid resistance of pennellii. One chimera possessed the epidermal layer (L1) of pennellii and the internal tissues (L2 and L3) of the aphid-susceptible esculentum. The second chimera had both the L1 and L2 of pennellii and the L3 of esculentum. Type IV trichome densities did not differ significantly among the chimeras and pennellii. Both chimeras accumulated sugar esters with similar sugar and fatty acid composition as pennellii. The concentration of epicuticular sugar ester on the chimeras was also comparable with that of pennellii. Leaf cage and feeding studies demonstrated that both chimeras are as resistant to aphids as is pennellii. The resistance could be reduced similarly on all three types of plants by removal of the type IV trichome exudate. These results indicate that the presence and density of the type IV trichomes and the amount and type of sugar esters produced are features determined by the genotype of the epidermis. These epidermal features are sufficient to account for the aphid resistance observed in pennellii.
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PMID:Chimeric tomato plants show that aphid resistance and triacylglucose production are epidermal autonomous characters. 213 38

Two experiments were carried out under productional conditions with a total of 69 520 broiler birds (four-line hybrids, crosses of White Plymouth Rock x Cornish ) --one in the spring and one in the summer. The birds were grown in a poultry house at density of 16.6 per sq. m. of floor area and in cage at the rate of 23.6 per sq. m. (an enclosure on the same premise). On another premise the birds were kept at 23.6 and 16.6 per sq. m., respectively. Every 15 days the amino acids and the protein were determined in the white meat, and each feed batch was checked as regards its crude protein and amino acid content. It was found that the bioconversion of the amino acids of the feed into amino acids of the white meat was acted upon by a constellation of biotic and abiotic ecologic factors. Dicisive was the effect of the biotic factors. It is stated that the present approach to optimize only the elements of the microclimate at higher rates of broiler raising is insufficient. It is necessary to study the biotic ecologic factors in detail as the base of optimization of the homotypic and heterotypic reactions.
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PMID:[Amino acid bioconversion in the feed for broilers under different breeding rates]. 673 Mar 20

Groups of 30 rats each were fed 1 of 4 diets to determine feeding preference for freeze-dried meal compared to dry meal, and to determine if 3% agar is a desirable component of freeze-dried meal. The diets were: dry meal, meal + distilled water(freeze-dried), meal + 3% agar in distilled water(freeze-dried), and meal + 3% agar in distilled water(gel). Diet preparation, and the method for introducing a toxin in a toxicological study, is described. Feed consumption, bodyweight, and observational data were collected. Rats ate freeze-dried meal in amounts comparable to dry meal. There were no significant variations in feed conversion ratios among the dietary treatment groups. Agar is not required for freeze-dried diets, and we recommend that it be omitted to save resources and preparation time. Freeze-dried diets have a longer storage and cage life, thus the frequency of diet preparation, animal feeding and clean-up are reduced. For studies involving a toxin, these factors would reduce the potential for accidental exposure of personnel to potentially harmful materials.
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PMID:An improved method of diet preparation for toxicological feeding experiments. 674 3

Dust concentration was measured by Laser-monitor in two at a time houses for layers with litter or with cages and in two at a time houses for growing chicken with litter or with cages in the middle of the keeping area, in the outlet opening and in 3, 10, 50 and 100 m distance over a period of 8 weeks in winter, summer and spring/autumn. Dust values have shown only less dynamics between 8 am and 5 pm. Significant positive correlation was found between dust concentration and age of poultry, keeping time resp. in litter housing system but not in cage housing system. Also, it was demonstrated a significant relation between dust concentration inside of poultry house, at the outlet openings and in 3 m distance in the outdoor air. There was no influence evident of indoor dust concentration on the dust value in the environment in more than 3 m distance to the poultry house. It was shown a low dust concentration of 0.1% up to 2.1%--compared to the indoor dust values--in 50 and 100 m distance to outlet ventilation system independent on housing, climatic and topographic factors.
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PMID:[Dust emission from chicken and layer houses]. 872 2

1. Behaviour, production and welfare of ISA Brown medium hybrids were assessed in 2 trials (each from 20 to 44 weeks of age) of a novel design of cage for laying hens: the Edinburgh Modified Cage (EMC). 2. The EMC was 600 mm wide, 450 mm deep and 450 mm high at the rear; it had a softwood perch and at one side a 250 mm wide nest box (containing litter or artificial turf) with a dust bath directly above. It housed 4 birds and provided 675 cm2/bird in the main cage with an additional 281 cm2/bird in the nest box. The nest box and dust bath had automatically controlled doors which were closed at night. There were 18 EMC; in the first trial these were compared with 6 control cages with perch but without next box or dust bath. 3. Hens spent 32 to 37% of day time on the perch, 5 to 7% in the dust bath and 5 to 6% in the nest. At night 92 to 98% roosted on the perch. 4. Initially only 55 to 70% of eggs were laid in the nest box partly because some eggs were laid before dawn. Once the door was retimed to open 3h before lights-on the proportion rose to 91 to 96%. Very few eggs were laid in the dust bath. Pre-laying behaviour lasted longer in treatments with nest boxes (55 to 76min) than in control cages (48min); disturbance was slight in all treatments, but lowest in control cages. 5. Dust baths were well used, with on average 61% of hens dust bathing during a 3-h afternoon observation period compared with only 17% in control cages. Two birds could use the dust bath simultaneously. 6. It was concluded that although a number of minor design features still required attention the EMC has potential to reduce the disadvantages of conventional cages for welfare while retaining their advantages and has possible commercial application.
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PMID:The Edinburgh modified cage for laying hens. 874 72

Mice given five repeated administrations of methamphetamine (MAP: 2 mg/kg SC) or cocaine (COC: 20 mg/kg SC) at 3-day intervals in a round tilting-type activity cage (20 cm in diameter) showed sensitization to the ambulation-increasing effect of each drug. The mean 3- or 2-h overall activity count at the fifth administration of MAP or COC, respectively, was 2.3-2.5 times higher than that at the first administration. Mice given MAP or COC 4 times in round spaces (15-30 cm in diameter), where the floor did not tilt, exhibited sensitization as strong as that demonstrated by mice given each drug in the activity cages, when the mice were given the fifth administration in the activity cages. In contrast, mice repeatedly given the drugs in spaces 4-9 cm in diameter never, and those in space 12 cm in diameter only partially, exhibited sensitization to MAP and COC. Furthermore, mice given MAP or COC 4 times in their home cages (25D x 20W x 15H cm, with ten mice in each cage) showed partial sensitization. Repeated administration of saline to mice in activity cages, in the spaces 4-30 cm in diameter, or in the home cages did not cause significant change in the sensitivity to either MAP or COC. These results suggest that repeated experience of the stimulant effect of drug and the resultant ambulation is required for induction of sensitization to MAP and COC in terms of ambulation in mice. It is also suggested that spaces larger than 12 cm in diameter, which correspond to 2-2.5 times as long as the body length without tail, and no interference from other mice are required for induction of strong sensitization to both MAP and COC.
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PMID:Importance of post-drug environmental factors for induction of sensitization to the ambulation-increasing effects of methamphetamine and cocaine in mice. 887 45

In an effort to elucidate the interactions between synaptic vesicles and the membrane of the active zone, we have investigated the structure of interneuronal asymmetric synapses in the neocortex of adult rats using thin-sectioning, freeze-fracture, and negative staining electron microscopy. We identified three subtypes of spherical synaptic vesicles. Type I were agranular vesicles of 47.5 +/- 3.8 nm (mean SD, n = 24) in diameter usually seen aggregated in clusters in the presynaptic bouton. Type II synaptic vesicles were composed of a approximately 45-nm-diameter lipid bilayer sphere encased in a cage 77 +/- 4.6 nm (mean SD, n = 42) in diameter. The cage was composed of open-faced pentamers 20-22 nm/side arranged as a regular polyhedron. Type II caged vesicles were found in clusters at the boutons, adhered to the active zone, and were also present in axons. Type III synaptic vesicles appeared as electron-dense spheres 60-75 nm in diameter abutted to the membrane of the active zone. Clathrin-coated vesicles and pits of 116.6 +/- 9 nm (mean SD, n = 14) in diameter were also present in both the pre- and postsynaptic sides. Freeze-fracture showed that some intrinsic membrane proteins in the active zone were arranged as pentamers exhibiting the same dimension of those forming cages (approximately 22 nm/side). From these data, we concluded that: (a) the presynaptic bouton contains a heterogeneous population of "caged" and "plain" synaptic vesicles and (b) type II synaptic vesicles bind to receptors in the active zone. Therefore, current models of transmitter release should take into account the substantial heterogeneity of the vesicle population and the binding of vesicular cages to the membrane of the active zone.
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PMID:Polyhedral protein cages encase synaptic vesicles and participate in their attachment to the active zone. 924 72

Avian polyomavirus (APV) is one of the most significant pathogens of domestically raised psittacine birds (parrots). One or more APVs are suspected to infect nonpsittacine cage birds, but the relationship of these viruses to the APV infecting parrots remains unclear. In this report, for the first time, we fully document an APV infection in a nonpsittacine cage bird, a green aracaris (Pteroglossus viridis). Grossly, this bird evidenced generalized hemorrhage. Histologically, there was severe hepatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, and the presence of lightly basophilic to clear pannuclear inclusion bodies and karyomegaly in splenocytes and renal mesangeal cells, all characteristic lesions of APV infection in parrots. APV DNA was amplified directly from the liver by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The virus differed from the original APV sequence by only 24 base pairs (0.48% of the genome), demonstrating that it is a variant of the APV. A serologic survey of the remaining birds in the aviary demonstrated anti-APV antibody in two cockatoos, two cockatiels, a laughing kookaburra, a Lady Ross turaco, and five zebra finches. The remaining green aracaris was seronegative. The sequence and serologic data suggest that the APV that infected the green aracaris originated in a parrot and was capable of infecting birds from at least four orders.
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PMID:Avian polyomavirus infection and disease in a green aracaris (Pteroglossus viridis). 1049 30


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