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Query: UNIPROT:Q86TM3 (cage)
 29,987 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1960 direct laryngoscopy in combination with general anaesthesia with relaxation and intermittent positive negative pressure ventilation via a smallbore blocker tube was introduced. When, in 1965, microlaryngoscopy was developed it was exclusively performed with this technique. Since 1960, 44, 464 ear, nose or throat operations were carried out. 3,305 (7.4%) were endolaryngeal operations. 943 of them were performed in surface analgesia. 2,363 microlaryngoscopic operations were done under general anaesthesia. 22.5 per cent of the patients were women and 77.5 per cent were men. Their age varied between 6 weeks and 86 years. 2.4 per cent were children under 6 years of age and 33 per cent were aged over 60 years. The main advantages of this method over "open laryngeal surgery" are: 1. it provides a large measure of safety for the patient since even old and obese persons with a rigid rib cage can be adequately ventilated; the cuff prevents aspiration; there is no danger of the patient waking up during relaxation since he is being kept ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen and halothane. Ventilation via the blocker tube begins immediately after intubation and not, as in open jet ventilation, after insertion of the laryngoscope. 2. The surgeon and his team are not exposed to the risk of infection since, in contrast to the "open larynx" methods, the closed system effectively prevents the escape of pathogenic micro-organisms.
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PMID:[Development of anaesthetic technique for endolaryngeal surgery 1960--1976 (author's transl)]. 37 44

A procedure is described which allows chronic dosing and blood collection from awake monkeys. The procedure involves only minor surgical anesthesia and allows the same vein of the animal to be used several different times with home-cage recuperation periods intervening between sequential chronic catheterizations.
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PMID:Chronic intravenous dosing and blood collection in the unanesthetized monkey. 40 26

A simple mathematical model of the chest wall was constructed so that during tidal breathing the relative volume contributions of the rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm could be measured in man, using four mercury-in-rubber strain gauges around the trunk. From the dimensions of the trunk and the change in circumference determined by the four gauges, the separate contributions of rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm could be determined using a purpose-built analog computer. The system was evaluated in 13 laboratory personnel, and in 13 other subjects before and after anaesthesia. There was a linear relationship between tidal volumes computed and measured at the mouth, over the residual volume to (FRC + 1 litre) range, with an error of +/- 8%. The relative contribution of rib cage to tidal breathing showed a large scatter from 5 to 42% with a non-significant tendency to decrease with age.
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PMID:Measurement of the relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen/diaphragm to tidal breathing in man. 44 40

The cell populations of the occipital cortex were examined in young rats subjected to different sensory experiences. In one series recently weaned animals were reared in enriched, impoverished or control environments. The enriched environment was obtained by keeping the animals among "toys" and other rats; the impoverished environment, by rearing the animals one per cage in a darkened, quiet room; and the control environment, by housing the animals three per cage under usual animal room conditions. Six recently weaned rats were kept in each environment for 30 days and ten, for 80 days. In a second series suckling rats were handled daily. Handling consisted of touching, holding and rubbing rat pups for 15 minutes per day during the first ten days after birth; twelve rats were studied, six handled and six unhandled controls. In the two series, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia by perfusion with mixed aldehydes. Semithin epon sections of occipital cortex were stained with toluidine blue; neurons and the three main types of glia were enumerated. In addition, the thickness of the cortex was measured and the glial cells of corpus callosum counted in the animals exposed to the three environments for 80 days. Under the influence of the enriched environment, the occipital cortex enlarged, the number of oligodendrocytes increased over the controls by 27-33% in the 30- and 80-day groups and the number of astrocytes, by 13% in the 80-day group. Within the cortex, only certain layers showed the increase in glial numbers. In the corpus callosum, however, the numbers of glial cells did not differ from those in controls. In the animals exposed to the impoverished environment, neither the size of the cortex nor the number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes differed from controls. The animals subjected to handling also showed evidence of cortical enlargement, but the only significant change in glial cells was a 12% increase in astrocytes. It is concluded that handling and enrichment produce changes in anatomical indices of neural function including depth of cortex and numbers of glial cells. The glial response was specific to the type.of manipulation since astrocytes were predominantly affected by handling and oligodendrocytes, by enrichment. The effect of handling on astrocytes may be attributed to the stimulation being applied at a time of astrocyte proliferation, whereas the effect of enriched environment on oligodendrocytes occurred at a time of active production of these cells. The differences in cell numbers were explained by changes in the rate of cell population growth; since the impoverished did not differ from the control animals, the changes probably consisted of growth acceleration in the enriched animals rather than diminution in the impoverished ones.
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PMID:Response of the three main types of glial cells of cortex and corpus callosum in rats handled during suckling or exposed to enriched, control and impoverished environments following weaning. 83 81

The ventilatory response to CO2 was subdivided into that portion due to increasing rib cage expansion, and that due to increased diaphragmatic descent. Five children were studied, awake, and anesthetized with halothane, 0.8-0.9%. During anesthesia there was a 67+/-8% reduction (mean+/-SE) in the slope of the response of overall ventilation to an increase in CO2. This was primarily due to an 89+/-8% reduction in the recruitment of rib cage ventilation (P less than .001). There was no significant change in the slope of the diaphragmatic response (anesthetized value 19+/-21% less than control), although the response curve was shifted to the right so that a higher CO2 concentration was needed to stimulate a given level of diaphragmatic excursion. Additional measurements of the inspiratory intercostal electromyogram in three adult subjects documented a rapid, profound depression of intercostal activity with halothane anesthesia that was associated with a marked decrease in rib cage ventilation. The authors conclude that a major component of the ventilatory depression associated with halothane anesthesia results from the preferential suppression of intercostal muscle function with relative sparing of diaphragmatic activity.
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PMID:Contributions of changing rib cage--diaphragm interactions to the ventilatory depression of halothane anesthesia. 90 May 41

The injuries resulting from blunt and penetrating injuries to the thoracic cage and its contents require prompt recognition and treatment. An outline of the major problems and recommendations for management is presented.
Anaesthesia 1976 May
PMID:The management of acute thoracic injuries. 93 91

The effects of handling, ether vapor anesthesia and blood sampling on serum LH and prolactin were determined in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. Cage removal and transport to an adjacent room increased LH and prolactin levels by 10 and 15 min after the initial animal disturbance. Intact male rats subjected to repeated ether anesthesia and blood sampling showed a more rapid increase in serum LH and prolactin than the preceding rats, since serum LH and prolactin was increased by 4, 8 and 15 min after initial cage disturbance. In a group of rats subjected to serial blood sampling over a longer time interval, both prolactin and LH levels remained higher than 90 min after initial animal handling. At 90 minutes after a single blood sampling, blood prolactin concentration remained higher than in controls. Serum LH levels returned to control levels 90 min after the stress of a single blood sampling. Although serum prolactin was increased in the castrate group subjected to serial anesthesia and blood sampling, LH concentrations were reduced under the same conditions. Injection of 5 and 50 mug of dexamethasone/100 g body wt for 8 days markedly reduced adrenocortical responsiveness to the stress of serial anesthesia and blood sampling at 1, 4, 8 and 15 min after initial rat disturbance. The 50 mug dexamethasone treatment reduced the stress-stimulated increase in serum prolactin at all blood sampling intervals. The dexamethasone-treated groups also showed smaller increases in serum LH at 8 and 15 min after first animal handling than the control rats. These results indicate that serum LH and prolactin concentrations are consistently increased by acute stress in intact male rats, the duration of the stress stimulation of LH and prolactin is at least 90 min under the conditions of this study, serum LH levels of castrate male rats are decreased by acute stress and dexamethasone administration lowers stress stimulation of LH and prolactin release.
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PMID:Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. 110 6

The study was designed to test whether or not bile reflux is necessary for the development of gastric mucosal lesions during cold-restraint stress in the rat. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. They were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 underwent sham operations with no cold-restraint stress. Group 2 underwent sham operations. Group 3 underwent pyloric ligation. Group 4 underwent bile duct ligation. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to cold-restraint stress for 3 hours at 4-6 degrees C in a Bollman cage. After the experimental procedure, the stomachs were removed under ether anesthesia, the severity of lesions was recorded, and blood from the hearts was obtained for hematocrit readings. The mean lesion scores of all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were similar and much higher than that of the unrestrained sham-operated group (P smaller than 0.001). Also, mean hematocrit readings in all groups exposed to cold-restraint stress were lower than in the control group (P smaller than 0.05). There was a correlation between severity of mucosal lesions and hematocrit reading (rs=0.57, P smaller than 0.001). The results obtained allow the following conclusions: (1) Bile reflux is not necessary for formation of cold-restraint stress lesions in the rat. (2) Hematocrit readings appear to be a useful measure of blood loss secondary to experimental mucosal lesions.
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PMID:The role of bile reflux in the development of cold-restraint gastric lesions. 113 Mar 63

Chest wall mechanics were studied in six healthy volunteers before and during anesthesia prior to surgery. The intratracheal, esophageal, and intragastric pressures were measured concurrently. Gas flow was measured by pneumotachography and gas volume was obtained from it by electrical integration. Rib cage and abdomen movements were registered with magnetometers, these being calibrated by "isovolume" maneuvers. During spontaneous breathing in the conscious state, rib cage volume displacement corresponded to 40% of the tidal volume. During anesthesia and artificial ventilation, this rose to 72% of the tidal volume. The relative contributions of rib cage and abdomen displacements were not influenced by a change in tidal volume. Compliance was higher with a larger tidal volume, a finding which could be due to a curved pressure-volume relationship of the overall chest wall.
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PMID:Chest wall mechanics during artificial ventilation. 114 Oct 86

The present study investigates how restraint affects the hypothalamo-hypophysial adreno-cortical axis and the hypothalamo-hypophysial gonadal axis in intact, adult male rhesus macaques. Restraint was chosen because it is not physically painful or harmful to the animal, but rather serves both as a physical and psychological stressor. Blood samples were collected from a remote site at 15-min intervals beginning at 07.00 h from tethered adult male rhesus macaques. Each of 4 animals was subjected to 6 h of chair restraint after a 3-hour control period in the animals' home cage. Samples were collected for an additional 6 h at the end of the restraint period when the animal was returned to its home cage. Brief anesthesia with ketamine (administered through the indwelling catheter) facilitated transfer of the animals to and from the chair. Blood samples were collected from 4 undisturbed males to document LH and testosterone secretion throughout the day. Plasma ACTH and cortisol, measured as indexes of stress, were elevated within 15 min after initiation of restraint and remained elevated for most of the restraint period. Conversely, LH and testosterone began to fall immediately after restraint and remained suppressed for several hours after the animals were removed from restraint and returned to their home cage. Testosterone levels were more consistently inhibited than were LH levels, a reflection of the fact that in some animals, testosterone remained low after the return of pulsatile LH secretion. In studies with naloxone (Nx), the opiate receptor antagonist (5 mg bolus plus 5 mg/h) was given beginning either at the initiation of restraint (n = 2) or 2 h thereafter (n = 2), and continued until the end of the restraint period. With Nx treatment of the restrained animals, both ACTH and cortisol were elevated as in the controls and LH and testosterone secretion were significantly increased within 1-2 h. However, after the Nx treatment was terminated and the animals were returned to their home cages, plasma levels of LH and testosterone were not different from levels in restrained animals and were significantly less than levels in untreated animals. These data show that restraint is a potent stimulus for activation of the HPAC axis and inhibits both LH and testosterone release. The pathway through which restraint inhibits LH release probably includes endogenous opiate suppression of hypothalamic GnRH release since Nx partially blocks the effect of stress.
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PMID:Restraint inhibits luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in intact male rhesus macaques: effects of concurrent naloxone administration. 131 38


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